Followed another four years of carnage. Weve got time for one or two more calls. The symposium resumes at 1 00. We can siad jens members start to trickle in behind you. Marvin in ann arbor, michigan. Good morning, marvin. Hi. I was wondering why you dont put more blame upon the germans for the war on the western front when the germans were preparing for war for about a dozen years and using a pretext to invade france. You would assume that the germans would require more blame than the french. Well thank you for the question, marvin. Youre absolutely right the germans had been preparing for war for not simply 12 years but even longer than that. The problem with many accounts of the outbreak of the First World War, however, is they focused only on one power or possibly two. If you look on the other side of the lens youll see france and russia signed a military alliance in 1894 specifically targeting germany, the terms of which stipulated that france and russia were supposed to invade german territory by mobilization day plus 15. Now, the way things actually played out in 1914, were pretty darn close to that. France, in fact, did invade german territory on mobilization day plus 15. Which is, in fact, earlier than the germans reached french territory. It is true that the germans marched through belgium on the way and that is in many ways the greatest argument or indictment of the german war plan that it did involve violating belgian neutrality. But as far as claiming that the germans quote unquote plan to invade france well of course thats true. The french also planned to invade germany and russia planned to invade germany, as well. That was the very essence of the franco russian war plan was a simultaneous invasion of germany from two directions. It was because of this, of course, that the germans had their own plans, which were to try to circumvent this with a lightning blow against france. As far as the military alliances, in many ways the far closer and more decisive alliance in all of this was the franco Russian Alliance which is why again when colonel house on behalf of the Wilson Administration visited europe in may 1914 he said precisely that. That as soon as england consents, france and russia will close in upon germany. And that is, in fact, what did happen in 1914. England consented and france and russia closed in upon germany. Germany simultaneously lost the invasion of france by way of belgium which was slower than the french invasion of germany. Two or three minutes left. Well try to get in jimmy whos been waiting in rome, georgia. Go ahead, jimmy. Well, marvin kind of asked the question i was going to ask. But are you familiar with the George Cannons the decline of bismarck, your opinion order . Mr. Mcmeekin in our last two minutes . Well, do you know, its funny, i have not read that book. I have read the book on the franco Russian Alliance, and many other titles. Im embarrassed to say i have not read that title but i am a great reader and admirer of George Cannon so i will take your tip and check it out of the library as soon as i can. Whats on your bookshelf now . What are you reading about world war i . Well right now im actually finishing up a book called the war of the ottoman succession. So lately i have a whole ream of books on my shelf, many of them pertaining to the turkish war of the early 1920s following the First World War, many of them pertaining actually to the syrian palestine mesopotamian fronts in the First World War. What im actually focusing on is the First World War in the middle east and then particularly the postwar settlement and the consequences of the collapse of the ottoman empire. Professor Sean Mcmeekin is author of july 1914 countdown to war. We appreciate you joining us on American History tv. Well, thank you very much for having me on, john. I really enjoyed it. Youve been watching cspans American History tv. We want to hear from you. Follow us on twitter cspanhistory. Connect with us on facebook at facebook. Com cspan history. Or you can left comments, too. Or check out our upcoming programs at our website cspan. Org history. Wed like to tell you about some of our other American History tv programs, join us every sunday at 6 00 and 10 00 p. M. Eastern. For a look at american artifacts. Travel with us to historic sites, museums, and archives, to learn what artifacts reveal about American History. Again watch our show american artifacts every sunday at 6 00 p. M. And 10 00 p. M. Eastern here on American History tv. On cspan3. Heres a look at some of the programs youll find Christmas Day on the cspan networks. Holiday festivities start at 10 00 a. M. Eastern on cspan with the lighting of the National Christmas tree followed by the White House Christmas decorations with first Lady Michelle obama. And the lighting of the capitol christmas tree. And just after 12 30 p. M. , celebrity activists talk about their causes. Then at 8 00, Supreme CourtJustice Samuel alito and former Florida Governor jeb bush on the bill of rights and the founding fathers. On cspan2 at 10 00 a. M. Eastern venture into the art of good writing with steve pinker and at 12 30 see the feminist side of a superhero as jill lepore searches the secret history of wonder woman. At 7 00 p. M. , author pamela paul and others talk about their reading habits. And on American History tv on cspan3, at 8 00 a. M. Eastern, the fall of the berlin wall with cspan footage of president george bush and bob dole with speeches from president S John Kennedy and ronald reagan. At noon fashion experts on first ladies fashion choices and how they represented the styles of the times in which they lived. And then at ten oclock, former nbc news anchor tom brokaw on his more than 50 years of reporting on world events. Thats this Christmas Day on the cspan networks. For our complete schedule go to cspan. Org. American history tv visited the macarthur memorial in norfolk, virginia, which was hosting a symposium marking the world war i centennial. Coming up next biography lee craig talks about secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels as a key member of president wilsons cabinet he built up the fleet for war. The talk is about an hour. Thank you. Our first speaker today is dr. Lee a. Craig, an alumni distinguished professor and head of the department of economics at North CarolinaState University in raleigh. Dr. Craig is a graduate of ball State University and completed his m. A. And ph. D. Work at indiana. 1989 he won the allen nervens prize for the best ph. D. Dissertation in economic history. Since that time, has been ubiquitous in his efforts, publishing essays, supervising dissertations and present being academic papers. He is the author of 24 articles and essays, mostly economic histories, and population studies. His most recent book is Josephus Daniels, his life and times published by university of North Carolina press. This biography examines the life of Josephus Daniels, 41st secretary of the navy who held office between 1913 and 1941. Daniels decisions helped prepare the u. S. Navy for its eventually involvement in world war i. And his talk today entitled Josephus Daniels in world war i will share the research from his most recent book. Please join me in welcoming dr. Lee craig. Well, as as dr. Orr informs you during the introduction, i am a college professor, and we are scheduled to do q and a at the end of my presentation, and so i always know, as a professor, what the first question will be, and what the answer to that is. And the answer is, yes, and the question is, will this material be on the final exam. So, yes, it will be on the final exam. In fact, anything i say is say potentially material for the final exam. So i expect to see a lot of note taking during the talk. So my talk today is about Josephus Daniels and his role during the First World War. While you were enjoying lunch i was being interviewed on cspan. The first question that i got was why would Josephus Daniels be secretary of the navy during the First World War . And the short answer to that is politics. Daniels, the longer answer is daniels was a very important player in the Democratic Party at both the national and the state and regional level. He had been a member of the Democratic National committee for 20 years by the time the 1912 president ial election rolled around. And he was a newspaper publisher and arguably one of the most important voices, democratic voices, in the south. Thats what put him on wilsons radar screen initially. And then he played an Important Role in getting wilson nominated and then he played an Important Role in getting wilson elected. So wilson came to appreciate daniels for his political wisdom, his connections and power. And so he wanted daniels to be in the cabinet as a political adviser. And you say well okay, youve persuaded us why he would want daniels in the cabinet, but why the navy . Well, i mean, why not . There wasnt going to be a big war in the spring of 1913 so who cared who ran the army or the navy . From wilsons perspective he just wanted politically connected and wise advisers. Well, it turns out daniels had no military background whatsoever. As near as i can tell the only time he was ever on a naval vessel in his life was when he took a ferry to the outer banks of North Carolina for vacation. So he had no military background or preparation for this job. He was, however it wasnt just a political hack. He was a successful businessman, he was a selfmade man and made a fortune. Thats really how i came to study daniels was from his success as a publisher and a capitalist rather than as a military leader. So an economic historian wrote his biography rather than a military historian. I thought i would organize the talk about his time in Wilsons Administration and during the war specifically into three parts. Well talk about kind of before the war, leading up to the war as one part and then the war itself and then the immediate aftermath. With respect to what was going on in the navy before the war, i think one of the most important aspects of his management was integrating the new military technologies of the big battleship and the dreadnauts and the submarine, the u boats into the navy. And the marshall side of that, the strategic side of that, he left to his admirals. There was a managerial and organizational side that he was responsible for, at least partly. And the one of the most important things he did was he got congress he was the administrations point person on Getting Congress to pay for those new technologies in todays dollars a single would run into the billions of dollars. And the navy was a substantial proportion of the overall federal budget at that time, much larger than it is today. And the battleships were a substantial proportion of the navys budget. Just getting funding lined up in the Spending Program was an important task. Also, he faced some organizational and managerial issues with respect to the organization of the navy when daniels took over in the spring of 1913 the organizational chart, to put it in business terms, had not really been changed sinceru0n before the ci war. And with the Electronic Communications daniels wanted to see the organizational chart move from what you might think of as a flat chart to a horizontal chart to a more vertical chart where command and control could be could move up and down the line more directly with the Communication Technologies that had been improved since before the civil war. But he also had some managerial issues with his admirals. That was partly related to daniels vision of the navy. And daniels was about as close to a pacifist as the leader of a military organization could be. And so he, unlike his admirals who saw the navy fairly clearly in marshall terms, daniels saw the navy as a big vocational school. He thought it was a place where young men could enter and learn a trade and then leave with a skill for the private sector. In addition he focused heavily on the moral improvement of the young men who entered the navy. Specifically he thought that they should come into the navy and leave the navy without ever having consumed alcohol and also without visiting a house of prostitution in a navy port. So he spent a good bit of time cleaning up the red light districts around the port and he also banned alcohol from the ships and bases. And its from that that we get the expression cup of joe because when he banned alcohol there was an increase in the coffee rations and the sailors would somewhat angrily refer to it as a cup of Josephus Daniels and it was shortened to a cup of joe. So he had these conflicts with the leadership of the navy. And those ran more or less throughout his tenure as secretary. Once war came initially, of course, when war begins in europe the United States is not a combattant. But daniels, who as a newspaper publisher had been very critical of the republican administrations that had preceded Wilsons Administration in particular he had been critical of gun boat diplomacy and u. S. Imperialism more generally, he actually becomes an aggressive reluctant gun boat diplomatist. He oversees or directly orders invasions and occupations of nicaragua, cuba, haiti and Dominican Republic. The germans were running guns to one side during the mexican revolution. And enforcing the Monroe Doctrine becomes an important part of navy policy. So, of course, the u. S. Invades. And then later with respect to haiti and the Dominican Republic the reason that was given for invading those countries or at least the reasons the Navy Department gave for invading those countries was to keep german influence and u boat pens from being established in those countries. Daniels was referred to, again, not favorably by the end of his administration as king josephus i, ruler of haiti or sometimes referred to as the king of the Dominican Republic because it is basically the navy and the marine corps that are running those countries during daniels administration. So he gets involved rather reluctantly in these gun boat excursions in the caribbean and central america. Another aspect of the administrations policies with respect to the war before the United States enters the war is the formal policy of the administration which is neutrality. And daniels was a staunch supporter of the administrations neutrality policy as it was announced. But he and wilson had a great deal of conflict over how the policy was actually carried out. Wilson and daniels view favored the british. Arguably that may have been the more popular political position in the country more broadly. That was not daniels position. He never made a moral distinction between the british and the french on the one hand and the germans on the other. With respect to the violations of International Law which so outraged the other members of the administration and the public, particularly im referring here to the waging of the u boat war by the germans in the atlantic, daniels thought that the british with their blockading policy and mine laying policies in the north sea and stopping neutral vessels and turning them, he thought those violations were just as egregious as the germans violations of International Law while they were waging the u boat war. So his policy, his personal views were on a much more stricter neutrality than what he felt the administration was engaged in in practice. And so this as i mentioned this led to a bit of a rupture in his relationship with wilson. Eventually, of course, the country goes to war with germany and then all of his reservations about violations of International Law go out the window and he starts engaging in all of the practices that he had criticized the british for before the u. S. Joined the team, so to speak. The most prominent of which was setting up a mine field between scotland and norway. And basically sealing off the north sea so the german u boats could not escape out into the atlantic. So when the country, the United States enters the war, then, in 1917 daniels is basically confronted with two major problems. One of those is, of course, the u boats in the atlantic and the other is transporting the army to the battlefields in france. And so with respect to combatting the u boats the british were, of course, blockading the continent and stopping just about anything from getting in or out. And then the germans were, in turn, trying to get the british and the french to put pressure on their governments to sue for peace by cutting off their aid from the rest of the world in particular the United States with the u boats in the atlantic. And so these are really these problems of getting, addressing the u boat and getting food and supplies to the british and the french and getting troops to the front, there are two sides of the same coin. Its basically controlling the sea lanes in the atlantic. And so the primary manner in which daniels has the navy do this is through the convoy system. Previously the british had favored sending lone ships out. And the argument was when you put ships in a convoy what you do is first of all you make a larger target. Second of all, the convoy can only move as fast as its slowest member. So essentially if you use the metaphor of predators on the plains of africa you are creating large, slow creatures to be eaten. Well, i think what was under estimated there was the ability of the u. S. Economy to generate escort vessels. And to just the sheer number of ships that the u. S. Could bring very quickly to the equation to get the convoys safely across the atlantic. And the same with the troop transports. After the war daniels is asked what he thought the navys largest contribution to the war was. And he said it was transporting the army into the field to defeat the germans in france. And daniels was the last member of Wilsons Administration to vote for war in the spring of 1917. One of the reasons why he waited so long before he would finally vote for war was because he felt it would take an Enormous Army and casualties as a result of that to defeat the germans in the field. And most of the other cabinet members did not agree with this. They thought that the United States would just supply material aid and end the u boat menace and that would be enough. Daniels said we are going to need an army. So he thought the most important thing that the navy did was to get that army into the field. And he claimed now, in my research i was not able to verify this but he claimed that no u. S. Service man or woman lost their life on a u. S. Navy vessel while being transported to france. And if thats true that would be a tremendous accomplishment. In any case he did get the army over there and the war was eventually brought to a conclusion. And then that set up the post war settlements. And daniels played an Important Role in the post war settlement in two respects. He joined wilson in the late winter and early spring of 1919 while the various peace treaties that were being designed to wrap up the war. So wilson used daniels as a roving adviser. As such he sent him to the various places in europe where the boundaries of the new nation states were going to be carved. And two of these happen to be italy and germany. And the issues involved were the boundary settlements between the italians and the new yugoslav republic on the one hand and then the other issue was between germany and poland and the socalled dan zig corridor on the other hand. So wilson sends daniels out and daniels comes back and gives his report. And his report is if you go with the british and the french who were advising a more generous settlement for the yugoslavs relative to the italians and who were advising a more generous settlement for polls rather than germans, if you listen to this advice you will have trouble in the future. Wilson did not listen to that advice. Its not clear that if he had listened that he could have done anything differently or that would have prevented the rise of fascism in italy and germany, but certainly the way that the two boundariesimately settled did not contribute to the establishment and maintenance of peace after the war. Now, the story that is told is that wilson made territorial concessions to the extent that he cared about these issues in order to secure the inclusion in the treaty. The first of the major treaties of the league of nations. And initially daniels was on board with supporting the league of nations. And in particular the expression that surrounded the discussion of the league was collective security. That the problems that led to the First World War were these one off treaties. What we really needed was collective security and the league would guarantee that. Well, as i said, initially daniels was supportive of that view because he was persuaded that that would have kept the germans, in particular, from being so aggressive. And he thought that if there was a league in fact, he thought the league would be necessary if the territorial settlements that were on the table, again, just for example, the ones that he was involved in, italy and germany, if those, the proposed territorial settlements were, in fact, the ones that came about after the treaties were signed, which they did, that there would be trouble with the italians and germans, which there was, and that we would need the joint military forces, the expression collective security, of the league in order to keep the germans and the italians in their respective places. Now, in a relatively short period of time his view of this changes almost 180 degrees. Even though he continues to voice in public support for wilson and the league he begins to have reservations in private. And in particular these reservations come from the second issue. I mentioned there were two. One was the territorial settlements that he was advising wilson on at the peace conferences in the spring of 1919. The other was the post war naval arrangements. And so its part of the post war naval arrangements that daniels is a party to that leads him to begin to question wilsons strategy with respect to the future of the league of nations and the series of treaties that are ultimately wrapping up the war. And here he gets involved with negotiating with the british over the relative naval power after the war. And the problem is that a lot of the leaders saw the naval arms race between the germans and the british as a key component leading to the on set of the war. And so there are political voices that are saying how can we avoid repeat of this problem . And daniels who when he first took over the navy in the spring of 1913 basically saw it as a big trade school for its enlisted men and a place of moral uplift where young men could go and hide from the temptations of alcohol and wayward women for a few years during late adolescents and early adulthood, after entering the administration with that view, after fighting the war he realizes that he had exactly the wrong view, that watching during the early years of the war, watching the british drive the germans, after the germans had put all of this money, all of this treasure and these Public Resources into building the Second Largest Navy in the world, the second most pow r er navy in the world he realized it doesnt do you much good if you go to war with the country that has the most powerful navy in the world. And so he really flips almost 180 degrees in his view of the navy. And he realizes what the United States needs is not a good trade school. All of us who had ships in the pacific before, this is where the expression, the two ocean navy comes from. You need a Navy Building program that will basically give you the largest navy in the world split between the atlantic and the pacific. And partly this stems from what i was talking about earlier with respect to his views of the germans and the british. The germans always thought the American Administration were pro british and arguably they were. Again, daniels was not. She was as ready to prepare for the next war against the british as he was to prepare for the next war against the germans or the japanese or whom ever that might be. So after he advises wilson on the dansing and polish question and after advises on the yugoslav italian question which wilson does not take his advice, daniels is off to london to negotiate with the british. Now, you may say what was there to negotiate . Well, again, the Political Leadership of the powers that had engaged in war had come to the conclusion that we spent a lot of money in our naval arms races and we got a lot of people killed. And maybe as part of the post war discussions, treaties, settlement and so forth, maybe we could come up with a better way of organizing our International Military relations so that if nothing else at least it might be a little cheaper. It might save us a little money. So they are talking about the post war naval arms settlement, relationship which basically meant reduction. So the British Empire had financially been driven to the brink by the war. So financing the perpetuation of the Worlds Largest navy was going to be a cost that the british politicians were going to have a difficult time selling to the british taxpayers. Daniels recognizes this. So he goes, does a tour of all of the political people who he is supposed to see in england, spends some time with the king and ends up in parliament in a late night meeting with the secretary of state for war at that time, the equivalent of our defense minister, our secretary of defense today, winston churchill. And in the book i describe the scene as churchill and daniels discussing the post war naval treaty over brandy and cigars, all of which were consumed by churchill since daniels neither drank nor smoked. And the relationship was not a warm one. And it was not one that they perpetuated. Churchill told daniels that the british had to maintain because of the nature of its empire, the british had to maintain the largest navy in the world. And daniels told churchill that because of what he had learned, he, daniels, had learned during the First World War that the United States had to have the Worlds Largest, most powerful navy. And so churchill said okay. Im putting this in my own words. Im not as eloquent as churchill so im paraphrasing for you here. Churchill says go ahead. Daniels says we will, suspecting rightly that the british will not be able to continue to fund a naval Building Program at the same rate that the United States could fund Building Program. One of the reasons being because the british gold reserves were now resting in the United States because basically the british had been paying the United States to help keep them in the war before the United States entered the war. And so daniels and churchill have this long back and forth and they walk away with no agreement. So daniels goes back to paris, tells wilson we tried to settle this, we couldnt. And we just need to stick with our naval Building Program which in a few years assuming the british did not up their naval Building Program, which daniels did not think that they could do politically or financially, would ultimately give the United States its two ocean navy and the largest navy in the world. So he goes back to the United States. This is 1919. And it turns out that the republicans had taken control of the congress and the mid term elections and by the time the he had tried before he went to france in late winter spring of 1919 he tried to get the lame duck session of congress which was still controlled by the democrats to fund the next installment of the Building Program. They had dragged their feet, the war was ending and they didnt want to commit to the amount of money that daniels was asking for. And so the issue is rolled over into the next congress and the republicans after this torturous set of negotiations in paris and london, the congress will not fund the naval Building Program. And so it becomes the harding administrations problem to address in the following 1920 election. Now, another question that i received related to the 1920 election in the earlier interview that i did on cspan, the question came up of what role did Franklin Roosevelt play in daniels tenure as secretary of the navy . And ill start at the end of that and work backwards. The end came before the 1920 election because fdr was the Democratic Partys nominee for Vice President. And so in order to campaign he leaves the administration. Well, he had initially been brought Franklin Roosevelt had initially been brought into the administration by Josephus Daniels. Daniels had named fdr as his assistant secretary. Now, i dont know how many assistant and under secretaries there are today of cabinet positions, but just from all i know is what i read in the newspaper and see on cspan, my understanding is that there are a lot. That is a fairly large number. In those days you got one. So daniels after the election the initial wilson election in fall of 1912, he thinks wouldnt it be a nice political, a nice Public Relations coup if we can bring only the second since the civil war, the others were grover cleveland. Those of you who are old enough and i wont make eye contact with you, but we used to have to memorize the president s. Remember all the ones after the civil war, they all had the same beard and looked alike. The one in that group who was different was grover cleveland. He had two nonconsecutive terms as president. He was the only democrat between buchanan before lincoln and wilson. Which is one of the reasons why daniel was so supportive of the politician, wilson, was because he was a winner. After losing three times with brian who was a close friend of daniels and colleague, he thought that wilson was the way to go. Well, one of those republicans was Theodore Roosevelt. And Theodore Roosevelt may or may not have been a good president depending on your perspective but he was a very bad expresident. He was not constitutionally suited to be an expresident. He had run as being rejected by the elders of the Republican Party as a candidate against wilson in 1912. He ran as an independent bull moose candidate. So daniels thought that it would really make the administration look good from the beginning to bring a roosevelt into a democratic administration. And so in his correspondence he was describing later in life he described how he had this vision of this young man that he knew so well. And that he had identified as having, quote, the right stuff to bring him into the administration as his assistant secretary. In going over daniels primary sources, his diary and a letter to his wife. He said to his wife i shall bring fredrick d. Roosevelt into my department as assistant secretary. It is possible that he did not know Fredrick Roosevelt as well as he claimed years later that he did at the time. So he brought roosevelt into the administration and it was only they served very closely together throughout wilsons two administrations until fdr left the Navy Department at the end of the Second Administration as it turns out when things went really badly after the republicans take power in the congress in 1918 and then the league of nations runs into a lot of trouble. With respect to the navy, there are actually some when the republicans get control they conduct some investigations into the waging of the war. And the navy is subjective to some very distasteful investigation of the marines behavior in haiti and the Dominican Republic and management with respect to planning for the war. So fdr like a lot of very successful politicians knows when to leave a troubled ship. And so he went his own way politically and daniels went his way. And if you saw the ken burns recent documentary series about the roosevelts, daniels was not presented very favorably in the episode on the First World War. And his troubled relationship with fdr was highlighted. And they did have one side of their relationship was troubled. There was a lot of cultural difference between the two. And fdr was not a particularly loyal assistant secretary. And he was one of the more velicose voices in the administration looking to take advocating a more aggressive position towards the germans. That was only one side of their relationship. Later in life fdr would often introduce daniels who ultimately became fdrs ambassador to mexico during the 1930s and second world war, that was only one side of their relationship. Later on when fdr would introduce daniels to his friends and political colleagues he would introduce him as the man who taught him a lot that he needed to know, fdrs expression, about politics. He recognized daniels had been a pretty good political mentor for him in washington. So i think wrapping up the Wilson Administration with fdrs entry as Vice President ial candidate into the 1920 campaign would be a good place for me to stop. I think we will take q a now. Thank you very much. [ applause ] we have plenty of time for questions. Keep your hands up. From the picture you paint of daniels its like he is basically secretary of navy reluctant warrior. He grows into the position. Can you describe the situation he had in terms of the Mining Operations in the north sea . In 1907 they had the Hague Convention and there was neutrality with norway and that sort of violation. And then, also, could you do a little bit about daniels and his management style in terms of how he led . Did he delegate more or was he hands on . Let me start with the second question first. I think if we can bring some of his senior admirals back from the dead and we would ask them that question i think they would say that he was all too hands on. I think if we can bring Josephus Daniels back from the dead and ask him that question he would say yes i was hands on but only on the things that i thought i should be hands on on. I think that he felt like he never interfered with his admirals when it came to the execution of orders, tactics, strategy. He was not an arm chair admiral. He confessed he knew nothing about strategy or so forth. But he thought the issues with respect to the management of the sea men themselves he thought that the navy was too cast driven and that the separation between officers and men socially, culturally was too great. And so he wanted the navy to be something the expression is sometimes a leveling organization. I think he wanted it to be more of a raising, not to level the officers but to raise the men up. I think in that respect i dont think he was ever troubled by the criticism that he received from his admirals about meddling in the culture of the navy because i think he would admit that he did not think that culture was a good and productive one. With respect to the Mining Operations, the first question, one of the problems that the british had the british had no trouble violating International Law. They basically turned the north sea into one big mine field which was a clear violation of the earlier agreements. And so they had no philosophical objections to putting mines across norway. It was the maintenance and the technology of the mines