Today what i would like to talk about is the way in which women themselves participated in that dialogue. Some people want to know what have,uthern white women particularly in the 1890s when it was at its height. How did black women begin to critique the systematic violence perpetrated against their brothers, fathers and friends. In this lecture, im going to spend time comparing a woman name Rebecca Latin america felton with ida b wells. Largely the lecture will be on ida b wells. Let me just give you a little bit of reminder about what we examined when it came to lynching. Two or three black southerners were lynched per week whether they were burned or mutilated or shot, we examined how those lynchings are ritualistic, and they follow a certain pattern. We look at the ethical nature of lynching and how it became a southern phenomenon. We looked at the entire Cottage Industry of photographs sold as souvenirs, the way these photographs were made into postcards. People were posing in the pictures. That was one of the things that was startling to you guys. You look in these photographs. Nd you see there is no shame there is no effort on the part of people to hide their faces. In a since there is not a need to do that. Extra legal violence is a sanctioned community affair. They were so common during this once called the country the United States of lyncherdom. We looked at how it formed entertainment for white southerners and if they want the result of mob violence you might see advertisements that invited people to watch, and the crowds got large. This image here is a cartoon that appeared in 1934 drawn by a , it functions the it describes the function of the crowd. You can see from the crowd and from the captions the crowd includes white women and children. The cartoon represents a country lynch mob in front of a farmhouse. They are watching the fire burn out of range. You dont see the lynching per se but it is designed to draw you to the crowd. The Woman Holding up the child. This is her first lynching. Lynching was both a communal entertainment but also involve participation of women and children. Hey are very visual they are very obvious. These are clips from photographs. I think we did look at the photograph was the lynching of rubin stacy. Ok. One of the things i remember is how you guys are looking at this and you were saying the crowd contains white women, children. We can see they were active participants. They came to witness a spectacle. They were there with family and friends. What do you notice about those pictures . They are smiling. It looks like an everyday thing. Anf. Ring it looks like everyday thing. No one has any sense of remorse. There is no attempt to hide their identity. Prof. Ring they are looking directly at the camera. What about what they are wearing . They are normal. Prof. Ring kind of a formal look to it. They are dressed up. It is like going to church almost. It doesnt show the face of the guy being lynched. Prof. Ring i actually cut that off. I wanted you to focus on the faces of the crowd rather than the individual lynched. Those are purposefully cut off to highlight and isolate the crowd. If you have white women are dissipating, they are validating the righteousness of the cause. Especially involving the rape of a white woman by a black man. You would get antilynching advocates that would point to the presence of women and children as evidence of their moral depravity. The existence of white women at lynching was not unusual. It would not be unusual to see children, particularly if these. Ere ones advertised early on the other way white women might participate is not even necessarily be at the crowd but if the accusation of the crime involves the rate of a white woman by a black man sometimes the crowd or the authorities would go to the white woman and have her verbally make the identification and the accusation herself. Sometimes she might serve as the only witness. Studies of lynching in general havent focused very much on white southern women and their responses to rape, particularly early on in the 1880s and 1910s. Teens, get into the 19 we see a more vigorous and vibrant antilynching movement that does involve white women. From texas became a crusader in her own right. We dont have time to talk about her. We are going to look at her on wednesday when we focus more on taxes and what was going on in waco and elsewhere. This is one white woman that was vocal about lynching, about this issue. In 1835born in georgia to prosperous slaveholding family. She met her husband when she was 17 years old. She was the valedictorian of her High School Class and she was giving a speech. A 30yearolds man in the area who had been married previously but was widowed. , was giving ater speech at the High School Graduation as well. In a way i guess that is how they met. She married william felton, moved to his farm, he was a wellknown political figure in his own right. He ran for the seventh Congressional District seat from georgia. She served as his campaign manager. She early on was entering the political arena. She was a sharp woman. She wrote many speeches. She helped draft some bills. Sometimes they brag they were getting to representatives for the price of one. She was very assertive. She ended up campaigning for prohibition. She became a member of the christian temperance movement. She was an advocate for womens suffrage. She was concerned about poor white women. She was interested in proving education for poor white women. One of the things she felt known for his her concern that there were a lot of white women on farms and plantations that were essentially isolated. She felt they didnt have the proper protection from their husbands. This is something i think she and away remembered as a child growing up in the rural south. She had this extremely radical view of free mel fema protection. Why women should be demanding white men. From she made the argument the State Government should provide the things white men could not provide. For a speechnown he gave in 1897 called women on the farm. She says white women worked extremely hard, women that were on farms and on plantations. She was concerned with lowerclass white women, women that were the wives and sisters and daughters of human farmers of farmers. They were working in the fields. They also were responsible for raising their children. These are the women receiving absolutely nothing themselves. Their husbands would leave them at home. They were isolated. They will go out and fraternize with their friends. One of the things radical about felton is that in the speech, woman on the farm, she made the analogy these white women were in a perpetual state of bondage. It was a curious analogy to make. She was saying they were like slaves, because these white women werent a slaves, it was a to shame themc from not providing protections. She said they were isolated on farms and therefore in danger of being raped by black men. She felt this was something that had gotten out of control. Black men no longer had a proper place on the plantation, and believed in the notion as a black man as a brief visit she was upset about the fact black right toeen given the vote during reconstruction. We talk about the ways in which anxiety about black men having the right to vote politically sometimes morphed into anxiety about social equality. It shows up in birth of a nation when you see that sign at the republican rally. Equal rights, equal politics. Marriage. Rebecca latimer felt in one of these women that were vocal problemsse particular of black men posing a threat to white women. She and away is leveling an implicit criticism at white men saying it is their duty that women should have the protection they should have. Now i want to turn to ida b wells. I want to focus a little bit more on her because she was another woman that was very forthright and began to speak out against lynching. She is one of the most recognized women at the turnofthecentury that fought racial injustices in the south. What else can i tell you . Ways, the reason i did that, it is so interesting. They were these women that were known to be very opinionated, very public and loud about what they thought. There was a black newspaper edison editor who had this to say about wells. If wells were a man she would be a humming independent in politics. She has plenty of nerves. She was sharp as a steel trap. I think that was true. You got to read southern horrors. Indignantsense of her commentary about the issue of lynching. We will get to that in just a second. She was born a slave in Holly Springs mississippi. We spent the first part of the class looking at what happened during reconstruction. Interracial democracy after republicans passed the military reconstruction act in 1867. Appointed governors, we get the passage of the 14th and 15th amendment. When theriedmans military registered the friedman they came in large numbers to vote. They presented new demands. New helped draft constitutions. Parents were all emancipated at the end of the war. This is a family that got very involved in republican politics and took advantage of the Friedman Spiro and what it had to offer. Was part of this group called the loyal league. Her parents are very strong role models. They work hard. They help places of respect in the community. The other interesting thing, independence in their children. They sent their children to friedmans bureau schools. Mother showed up at the school with her in Holly Springs mississippi, one of the first schools. The both of them went to the learn so they could together. Her parents and her younger brothers died of a yellow fever epidemic. Sometimes when you have these strains of yellow fever or malaria or typhoid, often times people would leave the rural area and flee to cities because the city was seen as a safer place. The other concern was if you were to stay put you would be surrounded by all these people becoming ill, and you would become ill as well. 2000 people left the Holly Springs area. Her parents stayed. Unfortunately both her parents and her brother died, caught yellow fever and died in the epidemic. There was ida b wells who was 16 years old with five siblings. She assumed responsibility for taking care of her siblings. Was a pretty remarkable woman. Whereew up in this moment there were promises of politics for africanamericans. Mississippi was one of these places where there was a moment in which it seemed possible. Mississippi is the state that had to black u. S. Senators. Reconstruction, and that last for interracial democracy is wiped out. That is what this course is about. Ended, and the Building Blocks put in place for jim crow. For her coming of age during reconstruction, intending the friedman school, seeing her father actively involved in politics, she had a sense of the possibility for africanamericans. This greatly influenced her. She began her career as a teacher and ended up in memphis, which at the time was 40 miles from Holly Springs where she grew up. She wrote a weekly column under a pen name. As a journalist, she was very blunt. She did not mince words. She was known for stating her case simply and directly. Is inher remarkable thing 1889 she purchased one third of a business newspaper. She is the first black woman owner and editor of a black newspaper in the United States. Later she became an editor for the memphis evening star. She became a leading community activist. You should know , when we b wells discuss how they begin to resist jim crow in the south, wells was one of these women that we see starting to protest segregated streetcars, to agitate against that. When she was 20 years old she got on to the chesapeake ohio and southeastern railroad. She bought a firstclass ticket. We talked about how they were a lightning rod for segregation where this came to the forefront. The railroad refused to let her sit in a firstclass car. It sometimes was referred to as the ladies car. In the Victorian Era if women were traveling alone, this is something ida b wells did there was a possibility you might be bothered by or harassed by men. The firstclass car came to be known as the ladies car. If you bought a firstclass ticket you would go into the ladies car. Car thatr car was the was more of a male space. That was the car that wasnt necessarily the place for women. You would see men of all classes. The only time you would see a man on a ladies car, if he was a spouse traveling with a woman. Early on the streetcars were segregated by gender. Over time they become segregated by race. Ida b wells but the firstclass ticket. She tries to get on the firstclass car. The conductor asks her to move to the smoking car. She refuses. She was a tiny woman. Only five foot tall. She was very opinionated. She was very persistent. Physically andly forcibly removed from the car. The conductor tried to get her to pull her out of the seat. She bit his hand. She was literally hanging on. He brought two other men in. She was literally hanging on and the conductor and the men were able to tear her out of her seat. Basically rather than go to the smoker car she decides to get off the train. She believes this is an infringement of her rights and insult to her personhood. He sued the railroad the state rolled in her favor. There was a state law that required the Railroad Company to furnish white and black passengers with separate but equal firstclass cars. They gave her an award of 200. One year later she was received refused entry again. She could not get into the firstclass car. She sued again, was given an award of 500. The railroad appealed all the way to the Tennessee Supreme Court and the secession was overturned. Whichk these instances in she is refusing to get into the smoker car, insisting she bought the ticket the way in which she begins to write as an editorial list, incensed about the institution of jim crow law. She was infuriated when she saw africanamericans had no protection against violence. She is best known for her antilynching campaign. We will spend some time looking inwhat she had to say southern horrors. And the 1890s. In 1892 there were 241 lynchings across 26 states. We talked a little bit about how some of those lynchings included native americans, asians, chicanos, mexican americans and weres, but the bulk africanamericans. Lynching becomes more of a southern distinctive phenomenon that involves black men as victims. Wells became an advocate, antilynching advocate known for pending a couple of pamphlets. She wrote lynch law in georgia. She was writing columns in her newspapers. I have to tell you, at least , her understanding of lynching might strike you as conventional. Causedas an event that her to shift her mind in terms of what she thought about why , and thewas happening way the south was explaining this. Early on if you had asked ida b wells not do you think lynching retribution,rm of if blackmon had great white women, she might likely have agreed that was a problem. Perhaps a fair amount of lynching did involve that. There was something that happened to her that changed her opinion about lynching. This involves Three Friends of hers. I dont know if you got a sense of it. Sure she talked about explicitly. She had three male friends who owned a Grocery Store. This happened to be a Grocery Store in a neighborhood known as the curve. It was a predominantly black neighborhoods. There were two Grocery Stores in the neighborhood. The peoples grocery, owned by these three black men. Another was on by a white man. In 1892 there were a group of boys, white and black playing marbles together, hanging out by the rival Grocery Stores and a fight broke out. It would be uncommon. You see kids playing. They get dispatch with each other. This was an Interracial Group of children playing marbles. They got into a fight and the father of one of the white upyers shows up, and he ends whipping a black child named armour harris. He had won the marbles. That is one of the things that had started the fight. One of the white childrens father shows up, ends up whipping armor, some other adults arrive. His father comes, some friends come and they basically get dragged into this fray. A group of white men including the owner of the White Grocery with armor to fight s father and friends. We have a moment in which these children are playing marbles. They get into a fight. It escalates. This is the jim crow south. It is a moment where it could become something bigger. Getparents eventually involved. It inflamed racial tensions in the community. The owner of the white Grocery Store winds up inviting a grand jury to indict the peoples Grocery Store for creating a thatc nuisance on a rumor there is a white mob that will attack peoples Grocery Store. Ida b wells Three Friends are anticipating this attack. They ask for help from the police. The police declined. These men decide they are going to station these men will station their own guard around the Grocery Store. What winds of happening is the white Grocery Store owner brings nine deputies with him. He is driven away by the men, the black man, that are there to protect their own property, protect their own turf. They start firing on the group of deputies. It is not clear we think they likely to not know they did not know this was a group of deputies because there was a rumor circulating that a mall was goinob was going to show up. They come back, they arrest 12 black men come including the three men at the Grocery Store. Over several days, the Memphis Police come back and arrest more black men at random. We start to see racial tensions getting even more intense. The story gets reported in the newspaper. It is blown out of proportion. And suddenly, the peoples Grocery Store becomes the center racial, this tension. Thatwinds of happening is her Three Friends who owns the Grocery Store are in prison and a white mob shows up at the themn, see sees ofizes and essentially executes them. This would be considered a lynching. This is a moment that caused wells to change her opinion about lynching because initially, early on, she accepted the idea of lynching might actually be the result of rape or, in particular, the result of black men committing other crimes. With this particular moment, she really kind of realized the truth. Wasunderstood that lynching not always a punishment for a it was anse, but active care that was perpetrated against a race of people to maintain control. Her friends who owned this Grocery Store were perceived to be a threat, even though they were upstanding men of their community. The immediate response, editorials encouraging africanamericans to leave their south. It was an editorial that was so incendiary that she essentially driven out of the south her office. They burned the building down. To really gets down with her life. She starts the antilynching crusade and publishes these pamphlets. One of the things she tries to do in these pamphlets is demonstrate that public consumption about why black men were lynched, were absolutely wrong. Really Pretty Amazing job of deconstructing the inconsistencies in the physical he particular argument because of the crimes they are being lynched for are actually achievements. Our friends are successful merchants who were killed. That maybes the note you would be lynched if you were a prosperous farmer or if black men decided they wanted to exercise the right to vote, they might need to target a lynch mob. They criticized the south that it is attempting to shield itself by claiming lynching and everything to do with the honor of white women. What she does as she collects these data is looking around and taking a broader look. Actually, onlyat about one third of the victims had actually been charged with rape. She makes some pretty provocative arguments about what you think is actually going on between black maen and southern white women. She tries to invert these assumptions people had. In the piece of southern horrors you have read, i am not sure she is as explicit about what she thinks the issue is with white men. She is much more clear in chapter one when she thinks ite women and black men as well. Can you get a sense of the reading what she might have thought about what she thought mythswhite men and the she was trying to di deconstruct . You can see why she is driven out. Goahead. Ahead. Black girls from this mening the white, black were actually having. Elationships with those people are saying they were raping women. They were involved in relationships. The women tried to say it was not rape. She was complaining that men crimes against blacks, were not being punished, they were being protected by the black men. They were not sexually doing it. What would happen to a white woman who was found out in a relationship with a black man . Would she be sentenced to a lynching as well . Stories are several about white women. Do you remember the stories, mr. What winds of happening to white women who are found in these relationships that are actually consensual relationships . One of the things she tries to do is point out that some of these white women are having consensual relationships with black men and black men are being charged for raping these white women. We canerse of that, start and get back to that, she is pointing out that poinwhite men are raping black women. Many black women were raised as children. Even other south has seen an antirelation laws, andrding interracial sex the laws in the early 20th century. She said it is rather hypocritical because these what raping black women or harassing black women. Having a consensual relationship but regardless nothing ever comes of that. It is something people tended turn a blind eye to. What would happen to a white woman that was found in a relationship with a black man . Do you remember what she says about that . Child and shead a had a child that was very dark. A negro child. She ran away west. It would be considered like a scandal. Wass the one story of in that she talked about lowerclass white women . Array of white women having consensual licenses with relationships. She was dark. The first one was because of some distant ancestor she had or something. The second one was a doctor. After that, she was forced to leave. You might have to leave town. Do you remember what else happens . What if you were a white woman who was not married . She if you were i think tells the story of a woman that was 17 and gets in love with a manlove with a black how he wouldout not reveal who the person was, but they cannot do anything to hurt. Her family tried to protect her. She was involved. There might be an instance where she did not reveal her name. One of the things pretty remarkable about this document is she is taking reports from white newspapers, not black newspapers, but white newspapers. It gives her a certain credibility and the alterations that should begin in in the minds and eyes of white people. She walks you through these different examples and stories in which this happens. She tells the one story about a woman that ends up pregnant. Refuge. Ns she is pregnant and going to the hospital. A 17yearold woman from the country so this is not an upperclass woman who is having a relationship with a black man. This is a woman who is under the care of the refuge. The womans refuge. An organization that will help. Oor white women this is on page 56. Sentgetsmans somewhere else. This is the woman that refused to give a name of the father. Of the child appeared they cannot get it any information about that on the subject. He gets summer else because the womans refuge did not want to at a white woman who had consensual relationship with a black man. Do you recall other issues . The ministers wife. What did she said . Y . She had an affair. They did not lynch a black man, they put him in jail. And then she finally confessed. She had an affair with this man. She accuses him of rape and put into prison. I think he spends 10 years in sheon and he gets out finally confesses to her husband her, thatd not rape this was a consensual affair. What happens . She got a divorce. She divorces him. That might happen to a white woman, too. She might be forced to leave down. She might be forced by her husband. If she was an unmarried young woman in the case of the story of the country girl that might wind up thrown out on the streets because it will be seen as a blemish on your reputation she was living on the countryside and it was common law marriage with a black man and they try to have this they said she was not white. Not allowed. Yeah, that was a very interesting case. There was an instance of which a white woman had a potential relationship with a black man. They are accused. They go to court and in court, she actually makes the argument africanamericans thed not be in violation of laws. There was something that i it sounded like from this article it was a house like would haveblack men sex with whita white woman in this article showed that they were interested in black men as well. Wow, she is kind of buttering it back in the faces of the white kind of throwing it back in the faces of the white male. It sounded provocative. , right . Hey, the white papers are lying . To the general population . Yeah, what she is trying to do is deconstruct the notion that all black men are rapists. That they have these sexual desires to rape white women. She does this in a way by talking about what is really going on with white women, white men, black women and with black ,en and i think, you are right what she is doing is saying that these white women in some cases are initiating the sexual relationships. What does it mean to say that white women are initiating sexual relationships at a moment of a blacke myth rapist was . What is the resumption within that myth about white women . Pure, vir ginal, they need protection. What she is essentially saying is white women harbor sexual desire. It is a complete inversion. That is one of the things that aggravated a lot of people. It is one of the statements he challengingt she is the whole construction of white womanhood. Passive, virtuous white woman that is in need of protection from hyper sexualized black men. Is ashe is projecting lot of these relationships involve consent. And some of these women are initiating and. Therefore, that is reflection of white womans interest in sex. Not something that white, southern men want to hear. What she is saying about white men is that they are actually the rapists. They are the ones, if you go all the way back to slavery, you will see these other men that have great black children, black women. This is something that has been part of southern life almost forever. And that these white men produce children and children are mixed raced children. Yet, the white men never seem to be prosecuted under these laws. She also points out a lot of these white men are leading members of the community and if shes me any kind of punishment that would be given out for violation of one of these antimiscegenation laws would only involve black men and white women which is something hey cannot think of. She also said that when all the men were out fighting the rapes. Ere were not any ideas also throwing that that all black males were going to rape, wanted to rape white women. Why didnt they do it when the white men were not around . I thought that was quite provocative. Veryat is also provocative. Challenging the one way she can challenge the notion that black men are continually going after white women is to say hey, look, during the civil war when all these white men, had gone away, these areomen behind, the women on the farms and plantations. Here you have all these women in isolation and all these farms and plantations and there possibly under the threat of rape by black band which is something they felt they thought witches during the civil war. Something they are drawing attention to. Look at the you situation, you can see that when all these white men went off to wars there was not a sudden increase in Sexual Assault on white women. Wind, in gone with the all the men are gone. The blackmail remember the house servant . For scarlet . They took care of them. Of anythingnts could be happening. How is it that black male gone are per trade in portran with the wind . The images that developed in advertising, consumer culture, film, novel. All of that. Necessarily that is the best example of that. In that particular instance, how are they being portrayed . They are the typical house servants. They were loyal. That they were inherently task ful. Slaves were the outside dancing. The dance you would think of, the jingle. But, they were loyal during the war. Again, i am not sure he is necessarily wanting to perpetuate the notion that they loyaloyal out of that or because they were a figure. I think what she is suggesting uh 0ack men are not hyper sexualized. That they have a sense of their which isnd masculinity respectful of women in general, whether it is black or white women. Loyalty kinde of of overlaps those particular stereotypes in mythologies, but i think in this particular instance, they dont necessarily reinforce that area type per se, but show black man were respected individuals, they had a sense of honor and dignity. , you know, why is it she say in it black men are it isntly luckly premised on the assumption that this is kind of a biological, uncontrollable urge. That somehow the africanamerican race is moving backward on the evolutionary scale. We talked about the notions of barbarism and the assumption that without slavery black men had suddenly moving bac kwards. That their sexual desires have been inflamed. It was interesting the way the ministers wife framed it. The white woman looked very predatory. She brought a gift and was being very polite. She distracted her children and seduced him. It was interesting. It was like a complete reversal of the black rapist. Yes, will, that is a very acute observation. Here is this black man he offers to carry the packages for this white woman and it is the white woman who makes the sexual overtures for him. Yes, she is saying, look, the inclination is not necessarily for a black man to sexually assault this woman right away. Here he is behaving in a very gentlemanly, kind of like, the way a good victorian man should be. Um, yous she say about, know, black women, per se . She is saying, you sort have hinted at this at the start of this discussion. Most of the black women were it was not, the same for the black man. It was not that they were involved with a white man or black man. I guess. I think she wanted to point out that there are also know, the more common believes of the time that somehow black women were also made more prone to amorality. That they were naturally incapable of having a stable, moralizing influence on black men. That somehow black women could never be respectable. That is the assumption that builds into that mythology that wells is trying to submerge. Are theaying that they victims themselves. Did you notice in southern horrors that there were a few times that she is writing she inl put a question mark parentheses or a inxclamation point parentheses . Did you see which you are trying to do . If you look on page 53. And you look at the bottom of if you go to the second paragraph up from the bottom. The last paragraph on page 53. If you go to the sentence above that an africanamerican men doesnt always rape without their consent. Yes, but the truth remains afroamerican men do not always rape white women without their consent. Rapes questioning the word by putting it the question mark in parentheses after the word rape. Quit using the word rape is what she is saying. That is good. [laughter] she also does it another instance in page 60 where she is talking about the problems of the south and the way in which Southern States have, uh, economically politically and socially africanamericans. She says one by one, the Southern States have legally is in franchise the africanamerican and after legally in a question mark she is questioning the word legal and rape. It is a very subtle way of reveling her critique, right . So pretty much air quotes. It is like her saying, hey, im not dumb, i know what you are doing. Um, we are getting near the end. The other questions i wanted to ask you she has a pretty efficient job of going through and completely inverting that mythology and trying to overturn the stereotypes and giving you the truth of what is actually going on. Towards the end of the ,articular chapter, she has, um some things to say about middleclass black men. On the one hand, she is saying some of these black men have a very deep victorian sensibility, a politics of responsibility. Respectability in a couple of weeks. She talks about the man carrying the package of maturity. She wants to deconstruct the notion that black men are inherently lustful and have no control over their feelings. But, there are moments in the these, particularly towards the end, of that she is leveling a critique at black men. In particular, she is leveling a critique of black men within her own community. Prof. Ring but, she also has some suggestions for white black men what black men and women need to do in the future in racialf challenging this and sexual explication. Exploitation. I dont know if you caught this, it is sort of toward the end, let me see if i can find it. Accuses the blackmail or black people went on strike, there be a shutdown. There are the no labor to bring in the crops and everything. I thought it was interesting, on page 69 she talks about, do not write on the railroads. A coupleg so, she has of suggestions about what you can do to push back against the system of jim crow. One thing is, dont write the railroads. And why, dont write the railroads . They would lose money. Prof. Ring you are taking money out of their pockets. Company, when the blacks can ride the buses, after is a parks, after rosa parks, there was financial hardship. Prof. Ring what she is saying, is one of the ways that you can begin to kind of push and maybe erode the system is to look at the dollar. To look at it from a financial perspective. Is not you can do that to ride the railroads. What else did she say you could do . One thing you can do is absolutely leave the south. You take yourself away. You are not providing a cheap force of labor. If you leave, you are going to begin to undermine that system. If you look in the at the start of the second paragraph, and the selfhelp section on back68, actually, lets go to the first paragraph. She says, and the creation of this healthier public sentiment, the afro american can do for himself what no one else can do for him. The world looks on with wonder that we have conceded so much and remain lawabiding under such great outrage. And provocation. Two Northern Capital and afroamerican labor, the south owes its rehabilitation. If labor is withdrawn, capital will not remain. The afroamerican is thus, the backbone of the south. A thorough knowledge and judicious exercise of this power in lynching localities could many times affect a bloodless revolution. The white mans dollar is his god. And to stop this will be to stop outrageous outrages in many localities. What do you think about that . Do think that is something that would be successful, that might actually work . What she is saying is if you go to areas in which lynching is kind of at its peak, one way you can maybe eliminate the i guess, well, is to leave. She is saying that black labor is essentially the backbone of the new south. The new south is built on the back of black laborers. And that you can affect a bloodless revolution. And pamela, as you are saying, we see that that is a successful strategy later in the 1950s with the montgomery bus boycott. Of hurting thed financial pockets of the whites. But i wonder, what you think about, given what youve learned so far about the late 19th and early 20 century in the south, if that is something that you could foresee as being successful . A bloodless revolution . If they leave the south, that means the southern whites, white owners, they are not going to have helped to make money. If they have to go sell cotton at the market or Something Like that. They will not make their dollar and, it says in here that the dollar is the white mans gold god. Prof. Ring its his god, yes. It is pretty much going to put everybody into hardship. All white men into hardship. She is advocating unionism, too. There you go. Which is 1890 . Prof. Ring she was pretty far ahead of her time. Will . It seems to be more feasible for city living people. People in cities. I think a lot of the systems that were put in place like sharecropping what a lot of times prevent rural areas of black people from being able to get away from the south. It is not so much an option for them. Prof. Ring so, youre saying that anyway, maybe i did the wellss ida b perspective is a little bit privileged . Or that maybe it is not realistic . Perhaps, in my work in an urban setting, but in a rural setting, it might be often hard to affect a bloodless revolution if you are caught in a system of carnage and sharecropping. She was ahead of her time. Prof. Ring what about her suggestion on page 70 . We have a couple of minutes left. I didnt want to draw attention to page 70. This is where i think she really is very far ahead of her time. [indiscernible] page ring if you look on 70 yes. The second full paragraph. She says, the lesson that teaches in which every afroamerican should ponder well, is that a winchester rifle should have a place of honor and every black home, and it should be used for that protection, which the lot refuses to give. When the white man, who is always the aggressor, and knows he runs a great risk of biting the dust, every time his afroamerican victim does, he will have a greater respect for afroamerican life. The more the afro american yields and cringes and bags, the more he has to do so, the more he is insulted, outraged, and lynched. So here, any he said, she is kind of leveling a critique at a lot of her fellow black southerners. In suggesting that you just cannot yield to this. And cringe and fine and turn your back. I think shes probably thinking of her friends, who arms themselves at the peoples Grocery Store because they heard the mob was coming. Here she is saying, if youre going to get greater respect, youve actually got to show that you are perhaps dangerous, or perhaps, you can act on your threat. Here, she is talking about a winchester rifle. It should have a place of honor. How more radical is that . Right . What did you think of that . [indiscernible] f. Ring do you think that what is this, 1892 . And she is advocating a form of armed defense . This is something that people assumed is not really enter the black political civil rights tradition until you get the black power. Look, it is saying, time to stand up. Anyway, she is kind of critiquing black men and saying, maybe they are little bit to pass it. To pass it. Wasnt hard for a black man to purchase a rifle, like a winchester rifle . That could be a problem, as well. Prof. Ring possibly, but what you think the outcome would be . I know we have like one more minute left, but always ask students, what you think about that particular way of undermining the system of jim crow and the south . Would help a lot, because i think wightman at this mindset that nobody was great to prosecute them. If they have the threat of possibly dying every time they try to lynch somebody, they will probably reevaluate reevaluate their odds a lot more. Prof. Ring you get the last word. I think it would need to be done in mass, because if you have a few people at home, you could just get those people out of the way, first. You can lynch them or whatever. Masse,f you did it en a then they might actually have a problem. Prof. Ring they might be more successful if it is a kind of collective effort on the part of every single hung to have a rifle and every black family, to sort of put the word out that . I think it was very unrealistic. Prof. Ring youre saying in 1892, maybe it was unrealistic for blackstar. Prof. Ring i was you guys on wednesday. Do not forget, bringing the primary documents for the paper and, bring in paper assignments, and the book, and make sure you get to the end of that. We will spend all of next session looking at the paper topic, and discussing the book. All right, thank you. Join us every saturday evening at 8 00 p. M. , and midnight eastern, as we join students and College Classrooms to hear lectures on topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. Lectures in history, are also available as podcasts. Visit our website, cspan. Org s istory podcasts or downloaded from itunes. Up next on American History tv, historian and journalist Donald Miller talks about his biography, lafayette. Mr. Miller discusses the french general and American Revolutionary war heros life in detail, including his arrest to credit background, his eight journeys across the land of goshen, and his role in the french revolution. This hourlong program is hosted by the Collier County museum in naples, florida. [applause] mr. Miler thank you, and thank you to ron, the director of the museum. Im glad to be here. I also want to tell you right away, that this is the first time that i have spoken on lafayette. I thought youd be interested in knowing that you are going to be at the Maiden Voyage of this trip. [applause] i wonder about how much i could say to, and i wrote two pages of notes last night. I thought to myself, no, that is what the book is for. If you really want to know, you can consult the book. It is 446 pages, it is illustrated, and my wife says, it moves around moves along really rapidly. [laughter] mr. Miller the story of lafayette is quite profound. He was born to wealth. In central france. Called auvergne, and he grew in his early years and a chateau there called chavaniac