An important decision by the Second Circuit in The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, Case No. 19-2420-cv (2d Cir. Mar. 26, 2021), has, in important respects, upended how the defense of fair use is applied in copyright cases, with potentially major ramifications that transcend the “appropriation art” with which Warhol is concerned. Indeed, in many respects, the Warhol decision, in which a series of works created by the late artist Andy Warhol based on photographs of the late singer Prince were deemed not to be shielded by principles of fair use as a matter of law, is a repudiation in all but name of the same court’s decision in