A major space that figured into our sense of the globe really wasnt there in the middle ages the world was thought to be a single large landmass a veritable mega continent without ocean. So the ocean really plays no role at all except to show a limit the ocean shows the limit of society and shows the limits of actually of gods kingdom of the kingdom on earth to the east beyond the Ocean Clay Eden lay that the Promised Land lay heaven beyond that there was really nothing baptist. For most of Human History the oceans were projection screens for the imagination unexplored and irrepressible loves a mighty barrier the place of terror. Despite its dangers the ocean became more and more important over the so. Injuries. As global trade developed merchant fleet strengths formed the oceans into vast shipping lanes people from past centuries would never have dreamed of laying claim to the ocean for them it was a blue expanse formed with dangers an obstacle that needed to be overcome a sailors journey to foreign lands. Of course the 2 dimensional that is ironic because the ocean is so material a 3 dimensional you know we you step into the ocean you sink. Yet in the 19th and 20th centuries something happened that changed our idea of the ocean for ever the seabed became a place of exploration in 858 as the transatlantic cape was being late engineers noticed variation in the oceans could this be evidence of undersea mountains the 1st Scientific Study of the ocean floor was undertaken by the german survey vessel meteo in 1925 scientists today like can be expedition to columbuss 1st voyage which began the exploration of a towering incognita a previously unknown land over the next few decades a picture of the undersea cosmos gradually emerged. Suddenly kind of developed this new awareness of the seabed of the underneath of course this itself is also kind of a fantasized idealisation of the ocean because youre imagining that you can see through the water column the water is missing from here the fish are missing a subtle way the topography of the seabed is quite literally brought to the surface. Of the discovery of the seabed radically changed our idea of the ocean the ocean was no longer just water it was 1st and foremost a land mass a vast expanse that belongs to no one but that could perhaps be seen just. This man had a groundbreaking idea. The president of the United States harry else truman a man who was imploring war reaching out any other man on earth. Harry truman asserted his countrys influence with nothing claiming this ocean was a territory to retreat under water that could be annexed just. Part of the United States. Enormous quantities of oil the found in the gulf of mexico but the oil lay beyond the 3 miles island in which coastal states could exercise their song rights truman wanted more he wanted new term a story for the night it states the superpower needed more more oil urgently oil reserves on the mainland no longer sufficed. Our dependence on these minerals and Raw Materials is so fresh and our supply so uncertain that we are moving as rapidly as we can and by every means that ingenuity can devise to expand facilities to step up production find new sources develop substitutes and bring in increased applies from foreign sources. After to 2nd world war in 1045. 00 then us president truman issued a proclamation. Declaring that the Natural Resources in the. Seabed and subsoil belong to the United States of america. In convincing the world to the american president to not only had no will but also the right to incorporate undersea territory truman used an argument that built on a recent discovery in some areas of the seabed oceanic others a continental. The us had to have this kind of basis of a jew logical link between its land mass and the land mass submerge and lead to its territory. Andy an idea of the geological Continental Shelf is the basis which the u. S. Saw as. The legal basis is well they had to find a link and the bases that they found most convincing most of course science. But the. Other big at c. N. N. Not. By ever there should be. 15 year olds like this name yes. We did our business in the us we are by. The argument that the continent continues on made up the core of trumans justification this was the more convincing because the historical events the legitimized this theory which by far into history. Simply far. Too if keep this. Time in. Terms. Of the korean talent left by medion minimum. Will fit your cat is a geophysicist at the Alfred Baker Institute in play my husband alfred vega noticed the coastlines of north and south america seems to fit together with those of us and africa like pieces of a puzzle. Indeed carnegie lookee in the floor on fall on one of the dolls does the comment im on to some. Pianist. In the record scientists today believe there was once a supercontinent that at some point began to drift apart in the early 20th century this idea seemed completely preposterous. This being water sanitary. Vs just it. Could turn. Out a democrat kind of supervise and. This is on the continent on them in the atmosphere to know that if we only outs work invalid us africa the american doctors and indian. Muslim the fungus. And does this to cure the present. Indian see its here. To cost us a con invite not. That. These are but i hear thats where the quote entire. Went on the only planet delegates has as a. Were these are up or kinder. Deemed. To form yet on this have to be done not evil sausan of the feel of whom. You know gospel. They did this submerged land mass is really a prolongation of your land territory you know its who can argue that this would not be partly right territory. The more people became aware of large quantities of oil and gas in the ocean floor the more coastal states tried to claim it for themselves they called for an International Law based on the geological definition of a Continental Shelf yet many states resisted the earths history has not favored each country equally to brushless learned how to answer biden shares finance in mind us as we both feel not limit our plight. Africa. Particularly made up artist doesnt. Want importing context picturesquely and. To balance out all the geological differences that emerged over hundreds of millions of years the nations of the world abandoned the geological definition of a Continental Shelf in favor of a Legal Definition that applies to all coastal states uniformly the godless of its undersea geology every country is granted a Continental Shelf extending 200 nautical miles around to see its exclusive economic zone. So these did the idea of these 200 as a magic number became acceptable to many states at the conference but the broad margin states did not accept this because of course they were as far as theyre concerned they would come out of those are its not just the us and it also other states such as canada russia is also one of those states so they were not willing to give this up. Ultimately states with a wide Continental Shelf prevailed a clueless with momentous consequences was quietly appended to the law of the Sea Convention the clause in question is article 76 it says that the state can lay claim to his geological Continental Shelf in addition to his legal Continental Shelf provided in the state can supply data demonstrating the shelves outer limits within 10 years. The time limit triggered a veritable wound on the worlds oceans and the largest Land Allocation in world history. For the 1st time in the history of humanity a land grab occurred based not only more on traditional forms of power but rather on geological findings. The scientists have a special role in the k. The ocean because the physical difference isnt as obvious its not as experienced if youre on an island detention no youre on an island you can experience where land meets water i have no idea where the seabed ends you know where the Continental Shelf fans and nobody does from every day observation. So i would like to explain now how actually article 76. 00 of the conventional actually works and its all about natural. Laws so we have a lot actually the lab continues underwater Something Like this everything is decided by the point where the continental gradient drops off at the foot of the continental slope this spot is used to calculate the shelves outer limits the state can choose between 2 formulas it can extend its borders 60 nautical miles or 100 kilometers from this point seawards tran be more advantageously however to use the sediment thickness or because the settlements on the mainland the state has a territorial claim to this part of the seabed the thicker the layer of sediment the better according to the thickness of all the Continental Shelf extends until the point where the thickness of sediment amounts to one percent of the distance from the foot of the slope. Because no one only chests understand geological data only thing can determine how far a state sovereign rights extend over the ocean hence a commission of x. That was found in new york where the Global Community recognizes the stakes and has so far in borders iraq one knows. 0 nonsi beside thousands why make believe the. Zune or a. Commission on zit limits of the Continental Shelf as pows idiotic and zap it is as is g. s e instead to join you bob heaped then join sed head busy sure feel if we had each really involved. Would be of. Call him help to this commission yes now he is among its fiercest critics. Home in the publish your. Paper. Clips are spot. Its bad. That our mocked are not in president. Of the 21. 00 geologist of the Continental Shelf commission would see to the United Nations process of filming and is full. Of the members may speak to the public in spite of precisely because of the fact that their decisions can change maritime nations. Easily. I am confidentiality the. Best i have seen the. Hydrant. Oh joe because youve run every loach that joe on day it dan the dad even meets. This studios and im kinda does i. Break of contingency farfan the night but does i just sheesh wisely you know how those. Aljazeera exposes controversial allegations about the bahraini government. Written by they told me youre a member of al qaeda you can stop the plans of the shia. And its coalition with al qaida to conspire against and assassinate key opposition figures 20 left. Playing with fire on al jazeera until now the coverage of latin america and most of the world was about covering khuda taz tragedies as quakes and that was it but not sure how couple feel how they look how they think and thats what we do we go anyway 5 and a half months are demanding an end to an educational system that was introduced to. Latin America Aljazeera has come to fill a void that needed to be filled. Take the worst possible material you have a deal grounded into dust comparable to flour and make a reliable and put it into a place where people live think is a cause something bad. As well and so many people here. But does it make you feel like you feel like a murderer we have created an enormous amount of mental disaster. And investigation south africa toxic city on aljazeera. Your child is there with me so wrong never mind of all top stories. I. Was. At least 3 people being killed in a shooting at a Food Festival in gilroy california the police chief says police were on the scene within minutes where they also shot the suspect dead at least 15 people were wounded in the shooting things is still searching for a 2nd suspect. My officers were in that area meaning age the suspect in less than a minute. The suspect was shot by the until we have at least 15 people injured. We have 4 fatalities that we know of including the suspect rob Reynolds Wolf in los angeles. The police chief said that the gunman appears to have cut through a perimeter fence surrounding the area in order to gain access he said there was security and metal detectors at the festival but that the gunman appeared to have used up to shift means to get in the. Health Authorities Say that of the people who were taken to hospital in the surrounding area and san jose and other parts of the San Francisco bay area 3 of them have been treated and released. At least 65 people are being killed in nigeria and a suspected boko haram attack on a funeral it happened near the northeastern city of made a gury in borno state president Muhammadu Buhari has condemned the attack and ordered a military operation to hunt down those responsible. Protests in hong kong have ended violently with tear gas fired demonstrators for a 2nd day tens of thousands protested the perceived police and mob violence as well as interference from beijing. And the death toll after a powerful explosion in the Afghan Capital has risen to 20 another 50 people including the president s running mate in the upcoming election were injured the Afghan Interior Ministry says the attackers were targeting a sellers office in the busy part of kabul those are the headlines you can follow the stories of course on our website at aljazeera dot com more news in half an hour next its oceans monopoly. Before that the commission of expats was founded in new york where the Global Community recognizes states and their suffering borders as posed you got there and zara is s d z institutes your new biography ped. For the 1st time in the history of humanity a land grab occurred based not only more on traditional forms of power but rather on geological findings. Of the experts who tipped the scales in lorings about maritime territories a notoriously unforthcoming one members agreed to speak about the commission on the condition the team meters in new york but in which city in fromms. Personally i always felt that we could do an effort to actually be more transparent and to communicate more. Absurd. So my name is walter roost im a marine physicist work at it from air france and im a member of the Un Commission on the limits of the Continental Shelf. Well the 1st thing i should say is that theyre not the work of the commission yes its true its quite. 3 that in a very confidential fashion and the main reason behind that from the beginning while the 2 reasons one is that were dealing with Software Rights of states secondly many of the states submit data that are actually confidential data derives from Petroleum Industry differences so in those data they have to be treated with a very high level of confidentiality there are powerful interests behind the states petitions seabeds data have Enormous Economic significance this information contains important clues for where Natural Resources might be located Ready Industries and states are not inclined to share this information which can be worth billions i think what we did what i could say is that as members of the commission i think we consider ourselves really scientific and technical experts but we also. Cautions of the fact that our recommendations or decisions that we make have huge impact both politically economically. And so on so is it possible to distinguish those 2. For geologists in the commission to have the job of evaluating Continental Shelf data submitted by countries officially the commission only makes recommendations but since their conclusions are not cooperated by anyone else they have de facto or pfoa t. To decide which nations get which territories. 5 nations that border the arctic ocean are in a bid to extend their software in why its in the direction of the north pole denmark trying to tell us norway and russia each wants as much territories possible the area is best. Managed to contain 10 percent of the wolves oil was. Due to fire who. Had sushi. If. For. Us were doing is hes hince has put down. Actions. That. Understood how to take advantage of the new. In 2002 he was one of the 1st countries to submit a claim to the Continental Shelf commission the russians asserted to no less than the entire essential arctic an area of 1500000. 00 square kilometers including the north pole coal hinz was known as the man who shot down blushes claim on account of insufficient Scientific Evidence employed a trick that many states are using to push to their claims even after they rejected. As i did. In this country and. This is i prefer boat. Or d. L. C. Este. Ron. Im a fresh one of. The. Missions. In the race to control the worlds oceans data is key if a claim is what nations can have with searches collect information this effectively allows countries to circumvent the commissions 10 year deadline governments can submit new reports until their claims who approved each additional geological submission brings with it a fresh womb for interpretation the name of the game is if you want to have the best answer for your marathon boundaries. Nor the best answer for your extended Continental Shelf you go out and collect the best modern day data possible to go in use for your final application for law to see to ensure that the answer is the best that it can be. Russia has since submitted it refines to data to the Continental Shelf commission but canada and denmark want to know home. How can other countri