Clocked in for 35 35 years, rad a good family, you are a hero, too. And i think too often in our society we put certain folks on pedestals as he rose because of something they missed they did for the sacrifices they did, but every day, i mean, i was walking over here just from the hotel looking at people curious about the sacrifices they have made for their own kids or for their marriage or for caring for an ill person. So for me while the veterans and war and Everything Else have become close to my heart, it reaffirmed my belief that everyones got a great story. Everyone should share that story even if you think your story is important, make sure you share it with someone. Make sure you share with your kids. Unfortunately those folks that pass away, when you talk to them right before death, often they will say their biggest regret isnt i didnt write a a book r star in a movie will make more money. Its i wish id spent more time with my kids, or i wish i told my kids a little bit more about my life. So i know that my legacy is going to be carried on. So maybe tonight bow and chris anders who are so kind as my host and sponsors, i hope its okay they will pay for all your dinners tonight. [laughing] if you go to dinner and share with your loved one your story. So thank you very much. Thank you, guys, very much. [applause]. Accept your donations to the savannah book festival. Your generosity that we are able to keep the festival saturday free. Please help us to continue. Thank you for coming. [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] that was for brian curtis on the 1942 rose bowl. In a few minutes we will be back with more live coverage of the savannah book festival. Up next, arthur Scott Schapiro talking about the peace pact that outlawed war around the world. Our live coverage will continue shortly. [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations] what i trace in here is what happened to this country in the 1960s. Bobby kennedy was not the same person in 1968 that he was in 1961 and no one in the country was. There were segregationists in 1961 who were not segregationists in 1968. When you look at what happened to peoples opinions and their view of the world, Bobby Kennedy changed an average amount for someone with their eyes open at that time. There were people who went through more dramatic changes, bigger pendulum swings in their lives. And we get into how the 60s changed every one. Jean mccarthy and everyone else except for one senator voted for the gulf of tonkin resolution, that was the resolution them, president johnson used to wage fullfledged war. And Jean Mccarthy ran for president because nick katzen back who had been the hero, the university of alabama when a Deputy Attorney general, and steamrolling over governor george wallace. A couple years later and under secretary of state, and Jean Mccarthy is a member, nick katzen back believes declarations of war are outmoded. And to wage war in vietnam at any level he wants to, there is Nothing Congress can say about it and that was the moment, that was the hearing, that was the statement in the hearing that made Jean Mccarthy walk out of the room too angry to speak and ask a question. And have to run for president , i will. Everyone knows it is more vivid than anyones mind. Conservative or moderate democrat to the liberal democrat and all sorts of questions about what kind of opportunism was that, it was the kind of experience and enlightenment people were going through in the 1960s was before the assassination, summer of 1963, bobby goes to north dakota which jfk lost and had no hope of winning, there was no conceivable political benefit for Bobby Kennedy to go to north dakota for any. To adjust the convention in north dakota. He delivers a speech to them in north dakota that is a breathtaking piece. If you stood up at Standing Rock at the reservation where i was last summer, if you read bobbys speech every word of it would be relevant to what they are doing that day. Chief joseph who gave a speech in 1977 about his hope for a way the United States and everyone here would live together, with that. There is much in his evolution in here that i think clarifies that question which is the central biographical question. You can watch this and other programs online at booktv. Org. Heres a look at books being published this week. Yale Law School Professor examines how parties impact our political system in political tribes. Look for these titles in bookstores this weekend watch for many of the authors in the near future on booktv on cspan2. Bernie and his supporters, i wanted them to be a part of what was going to happen. Hillary won the primary fair and square. She had 4 million more votes than bernie, did not set the primary in florida or alabama or louisiana. She had more pledged delegates and unpledged delegates. Tim kane called for the elimination of unpledged delegates. We need to have this conversation if not now, when. What forms would you like to see at the dnc . The Unity Commission will pick on a lot of electoral firms, pledged versus unpledged delegates, looking at the window, what states in new hampshire, once upon a time they hit here because it is earlier. I am the same donna. Internally party is doing a great job reforming the party, we had so many great victories across the country. Lets be honest. Paula jean was absolutely right. I love you, florida. I love your elect oral votes but no reason why from florida all the way across mexico there is no other state on this side of the line. North carolina gets a few dollars but look across this especially in the south, we missed opportunities for the last we 10 years, all these states and on two states, tom perez, the down ballot race enabling us to have victory after victory. We are now 450 votes short of winning three more streets in virginia. It is important we invest down ballots, put resources across the country, a prescription for all 50 states. The dnc got rid of superdelegates. Somebody who has been a superdelegate for 20 years, no comment. We need a healthy debate. The reason we should have a healthy debate, i dont want voters to think my vote matters more than their vote. As long as you have the perception that im somehow special, i dont want that. I can understand, at the convention we need to run. I dont know, as a volunteer, i still may have something special. Dont take away all my love. The point of the book where you say why wasnt obama talking about the intelligence, where were the intelligence agencies . This was a national emergency. That is a point i heard a lot of republicans make. If this was happening why wasnt resident obama talking about it . My understanding is president obama, the leadership in congress, Mitch Mcconnell said you should not make a big deal of this. And i know leader nancy pelosi went to paul ryan, and chairman lujan, the National Congressional committee, and after our briefing with dhs i went to priebus on october 4th which was the republican place president ial debate. And on those photos here. You know this is happening. This is another revelation. I tried to reach out to sean spicer, not melissa mccarthy, sean spicer. I wanted him to know what was in the hacking and malware in case he opened it. What worried me as if the dnc went down we would corrupt the election system and i wanted to make sure the republican system was protected, two Major Political parties and databases, and i am a little upset the republicans ignored it. And the way Angela Merkel used it, to tip the scale, there is one other reason because the Hillary Clinton campaign, they would win. They were so convinced they would win that i dont think they polled in the last two weeks, she is going to win. Meanwhile i am putting cold water. Not so fast. Who else would know about that . On the day of the election, they are sitting there, president ial inaugural, and the machines are not working and they looked at me like you know there is a line in philadelphia and it looks like it wasnt until 7 00 that night they started i was so angry at this point, a socalled victory party, the first person i ran to, stephen won because i work with them, to make it a national holiday. The victory party, people in that town on the radio like me, they were not panicking, they they were going to win. They kept saying to me have you seen the exit poll. I dont believe exit polls, remember florida. You can watch this and other programs online at booktv. Org. He National Book critics circle comprised of literary critics, and members of the Book Publishing industry, recently announced its finalists for the outstanding books of 2017. Some of the finalists include jack daviss look at the gulf of mexico, Francis Fitzgeralds history of evangelism in america. Russianamerican journalists report on the generation of russians who came of age during the Vladimir Putin regime. And the art of death. Kevin young gaps bunk and roxanne gayes memo hunger. Booktv has covered several of this years finalists. Most of us because it means losing people we love. One of the things i learned, especially the dying writers like Christopher Hitchens writing about their own dead, these incidents with my parents, one thing i realized, tariff is to live. Live the best life you can and dont have many regrets. Host do we the living find that message . Guest living itself is so busy, in the back of our minds, we dont want to concentrate on our mortality but one of the things Christopher Hitchens writes in his book mortality is at the end or before, living and dining and the difference between living and dying and living is you are constantly aware of an expiration date. The possibility is something life ahead but for dying people, they know every single day, normally it would be great if we all lived like that. You can watch these programs in full online at booktv. Org and for the complete list of the National Book critics circle finalists all six categories, head to bookcritics. Org. You are watching booktv on cspan2, live coverage of the savanna book festival. Scott shapiro is about to begin. His book, the internationalists, is about the peace pact that outlawed war around the world. Good morning, booklovers. My name is out styles. I am delighted to welcome you to the 11th annual savanna book festival. The book festival is presented by georgia power, david and nancy cintron, the Sheehan Family foundation and mark and pat. Many thanks to jack and mary, our sponsors for this glorious venue, Trinity United Methodist church. We would also like to extend thanks to our literary members and individual donors who make the saturday off presentations possible. 90 of our revenue comes from donors just like you. We are very excited to have the savanna book festival available for your phone. Look in your program for information on downloading. Immediately following the presentation, Scott Shapiro will be signing festival purchased copies of his book. If you are planning to stay for the next off your presentation we ask that you please move forward so that the issues can count the available seats so we can let in the right amount of people. No flash photography. Now is a good time to set your phone to do not disturb or turn it off. For the question and answer portion please raise your hand and an usher will bring a microphone to you and you need to wait until the microphone gets to you before you ask your question because no one will be able to hear you otherwise. Please limit your self to be fair to one question and no long stories please. Scott shapiro is with us today courtesy of liz and kent ernest. Scott teaches both law and philosophy at Yale Law School where he directs the center for law and philosophy. Here and his bachelors and doctor degrees in philosophy from columbia and jd from Yale Law School. He was the author of legality and jurisprudence and philosophy of law, one of my favorites. Please give a warm welcome to Scott Shapiro. [applause] hello, everyone. Good morning. I have yankee blood. I brought a jacket that is too hot for me. It is snowing in new york. I am enjoying being overheated. Our book, the internationalists, is the story of the modern international order, about the people who helped to build it and why despite its imperfections it is crucial that it be defended now more than ever. The central argument of the book is the origins can be traced to a specific date in history. August 27, 1928, World Leaders gathered together in paris. The treaty was signed on that date goes by the name the kellogg brand pack, kellogg for Frank Kellogg, the american secretary of state and brian, the French Foreign minister, has largely been forgotten. I am just curious, show of hands, who has ever heard of the kellogg brand act . That is a lot of people. That is much more, savanna, very educated. Most people have never heard about it. Actually, most law professors have never heard of it and the people who have heard of it think it is among the most ridiculous things diplomats have ever tried to do. The idea that you could end war by signing a piece of paper strikes many people as the height of foolishness. To tell you the truth, when my colleague and i taught International Law at yale before we wrote the book we also treated it that way, as a laughingstock and obviously a failed experiment in idealism. However, through the course of research on related topic, though at the time we didnt know it was related, the history of economic sanctions, we discovered some didnt expect. Far from being ridiculous, outlying war turned out to be transformative. It represented, if you will, a hinge in history where one world order ended and another began. In short, before 1928, war was the legitimate mechanism of statecraft. It was the way in which states and forced their rights against one another. This is what we found astonishing. Before 1928, war was legal but economic sanctions were illegal. After 1928, this switch is that it switches incredibly quickly. War becomes illegitimate, indeed criminal. Economic sanctions are now the routine way in which International Law is enforced throughout the world. We describe this tectonic shift in World History and ratably through it cast of characters we call the internationalists. Most of these people, in fact, one of the main heroes of the book i will talk about later did not, before the book, have a wikipedia entry, which in the modern world means you dont exist but really taken by her determination, brilliance, vision, doggedness, and to figure out how to take their ideas and turn them into action. At a time when people are thinking about resistance, their story, we found to be inspirational. One of the reasons most people think war i turned on my phone just because i realized i didnt know how long things were going and my sister texted me i am watching you. Hi, melissa. Okay. Yeah. Okay. So i the reason why most people think outlying war is ridiculous sort of thing to do is because they dont appreciate the final war used to play before 1928 in an era which we call the old world order. In the old world order, states had the right of war. Today, we war we think of war is the consummate breakdown of the system. In the old world order, war was the system. If a state had been wronged and made demands of reparation and those demands were ignored, the state who had been injured had the legal right to use force in order to write that wrong. They have that right not just in cases we recognize of selfdefense, invasion, but any kind of legal wrong whatsoever, to collect debtss, recover property, to enforce commercial treaties, any reason you could go to court you could go to war for. This may sound like an absolutely crazy thing to do, barbaric, to go to war to collect debts. But from their perspective in the old world order, it made perfect sense. Of somebody owes you money, what do you do . Go to a lawyer, sue the person, go to court, if the person doesnt pay up, the sheriff, the judgment. If you are a state, you are sovereign so you dont recognize any higher authority, you dont have anyone to go to, there is no Supreme Court of the world, there are no world police. They had many other rights which gave the right of more value. The most important right that they have which supported the right of war was the right of conquest. We know the conquest has happened for millennia. What many people dont realize is that congress was a legal right and it was a legal right because of the law needed to give states away of actually writing the wrongs that they went to war in order to write. When the United States went to war with mexico in 1846 the official legal justification was that mexico owed the United States 2 million. The United States tried for 20 years to get that money back and decided to go to war in 1846, and as compensation, they got compensation for those debts and the name of that compensation is california, utah, nevada, new mexico, part of oklahoma and basically 500,000 square miles of mexican territory. This is not the way, when the United States did this it was not acting as a rogue imperial power. It was acting as what responsible states did. And that is because the old world order give states the right of war and, therefore, the right of conquest. In addition to the right of conquest states had another right. If they had the right to go to war, if they had the right to th