Rights movement. Some of these authors have appeared on book tv. And you can watch them online, abitibi. Org. And now on book tv, we would like to highlight some programs from our archives the focus on pandemics. All of the programs you are about to seek can be viewed in their entirety by visiting our website, booktv. Org and using the search function which you will find at the top of the page. First, and 2000 on cspans book notes program, science journalists gina talked about the history of influenza, specifically the 1980 outbreak. Heres a portion of that interview. Really never thought about the flu. If something they came around every year and people get second and they get better again. Never really court interest in it at all. Im a reporter for the New York Times that i wrote an article for the times, about it really miraculous discovery. It was a guy and Army Medical Center and he said supporting and technical journal called silence magazine they somehow managed to get lung tissues from soldiers who have died in 1918. That lung tissue, there was fragments of the virus and inmate interviewed, the doctor about his work, he told me about the influenza pandemic of 1918. I was stunned. I had just never heard of anything like this. It is the worst Infectious Disease in recorded history. This is something today, it would kill more people than top ten killers together. 1. 5 million americans. It came by today, then just cut out that some papers by the centers for Disease Control the 99 percent of the people that died this epidemic work under age 65. So was an astonishing and devastating epidemic and it was this idea that all of these years later, almost a century later, molecular biology has advanced and there is such incredible serendipitys, 70 could actually have lung tissue that still have those viral things in there, asked the question, what was this fibrous. How could influenza virus become such a killer. And could happen again and if so, would we recognize it in time. There is one reference in the book that may be 20 100 Million People died worldwide in 1918. Yes upward that number. They said thats an underestimate. I heard the most recently, there was a number of historians introduced and understand about the true number worldwide was close to 2,100,000,000 and possibl2,100,000,000. Its a sims and lives in human lungs, and while it is there, his job is to take along cell make it into a fibrous factory. So the virus gets in, it takes a cell and forces it to create more viruses and the cells die and the viruses escape. As a simple little thing. What happens to the body then printed. One is that you get a fever and you take to bed. You have muscle aches and pains. Lessig is for them. Fever, and you have a cough. Did you have it printed. I think i had at once. I thought this was the flu. It was so bad, five days. It was terrible. I had such muscle aches that were so bad printed. Back in 1918, where did it start. Forget question. The first became into the united is a big way. It was near boston. People thought at the time that is germ warfare because they couldnt believe it was Something Like the flu. They insisted on putting the word influenza and quotation marks. During world war i and there were these rumors that they had in this group cloud that was over the harbor that there were germs and it earned that somebody put into the bear aspirin that will kill people. It was the most horrible thing that anybody had ever witnessed. It had 70s young soldiers who were dying that they had have special training to take away the dead. Bodies just tacked up like corpses. If so shocking that the Surgeon General had the contention of three of the leading doctors in the United States to go out and say what is going on,. One of them later more road to memoir and he said i cant bear to think about the same. In the fall of 1918, the deadly influenza virus, superior territory of humans and the taking of human life. He said that these memories were burned on his parade. And when he described when the doctors were seen autopsy the said that there are so many dead the damn stuff over the bodies just to get into the autopsy room. The bodies have been dead and have not been removed yet. And then when they watch and autopsy take place, the military doctor open the chest of the young man who had died and his lungs were heavy filled with fluid, and essentially died because his lungs were filled with fluid. And doctor there had been pretty much turned and said, this must be a plague. He could not believe it printed. In your book, you explain with your. These are some of the samples of lung tissues for people of 1918. What was this virus. How would we ever knowing what was really miraculous, military warehouse, as a library of congress of the dead. Abraham lincoln, an average of the military does not happy is supposed but some of the tissue in the persons medical record in this big warehouse. They were people who died in 1918 and at the time, the doctors took little snippets of the lung tissue, subhuman formaldehyde and wrapped them in paraffin and sent them to the warehouse. In the doctor, at walter reed, finally at the end of the senses, put in requisition for people died about flu that had some viral things in it. And you just saw this pictures, the little pieces of paraffin wax with the lung tissue in an inside lung tissue after all these years, there is still that flu virus from 1918. Collected his pathology out here at walter reed, have you been there pretty. Yes, i have pretty. The 3m samples. Yes they are in boxes and margin things. Its his corrugated metal warehouse. Its protected from burning down. And they had these big rocks of boxes after boxes. And his job, is to overthink i would like to get some low samples, the people who had died of influenza in 1918 and he died very quickly. He wants to know who took gotten the flu virus and lingered. So actually since 1917, they had been computerized so you can get a computerized paper and takes at least boxes and there are symbols. Their brain tissue, all sorts of stuff in that warehouse. This was lung tissue. Is in the Abraham Lincoln started it. So there samples from back then in the civil war. It. Yes. From then on. This sort of like a pack of paradise. It was a brilliant idea because when they started with this, who would never know what you would use the score. The idea in 1918, no one had ever found influenza virus. So the idea that somebody someday we come back and make some use of this material was just brilliant. I know im jumping way ahead, do they know what caused this influenza in 1918. We know it was a flu virus. At this point and really long samples from people who died in 1980 have their genes in them. Getting them out is pushing the limits of molecular biology and it takes a long time. I put together about musi detaid mosaic. Theyve gotten three of these particular now. They choose them in the order of the livelihood that what they will get an easy answer to. Unfortunately they told them that the flu virus, is related to bird viruses is not provided answers yet to us by it was dangerous pretty. Let me ask you a couple of questions. Only one person that works are pretty. One person i saw but i am sure there are others pretty. Did you get a sense that there is a lot of interest or traffic. No, i was the only person there pretty. How big of a facility was it printed. Huge warehouse. In maryland. One of the things, and did not expect to get out of this book was a drama. Personal stories in here that are fairly dramatic. We surprised about the competition going on to find this pretty. By the summer started to write this book, i knew there was a story. Write books for myself. Every defection for fun. I wouldnt write a book in the said that there was a story. For me it is not something that i would pick up and rate just because i wanted to read it. So thats what appealed to me that wasnt there was drama there. There was competition. And so, so all of the witnesses for the research of the scientists, and the stated pretty. Back in 1918 again, was is more devastating flu and the average when that we hear about all of the time today. There is no comparison. I think its a little earlier, 1. 5 million the markets have died in a typical flu season, 20000 died. And most of them are very old perhaps some other sort of chronic medical conditions that really weakens them. Heres 99 percent of them were under age of 65. Very for killer death occurrence. Very young guys and then people between the age of 20 40 died in huge numbers. This middle of the w. And then old people died. I would like to ask you to read page 25 about thomas, the authors brother. I guess he died of this. And then thomas, would enjoy this. That is fiction but asked a number of people listen the subscription of his brothers death. It was actually his brothers ruling a description that was not fictionalize. It was really what happened when his brother died pretty. You might reading this and tell us why you put this in the book. I think that when i talk about the flu, and people who are living today who are talking with lou, its almost impossible for us to imagine what it was like. Advised mistress i could with the words into simple words in there. Because we have seen it, and is a sort of a in a motion that i cannot describe. And i dont think anybody else is been able to capture it. Of all of the inscriptions that ive read about people dying of the flu, this one is just it really touched me. Almost brought me to tears. The saddest thing. And you can imagine yourself in the room watching somebody die like this. As one of those moments, i cannot forget this passage. Thats why put it in. He came home to death watch. His brother going in sick room upstairs was family waited to fear what of what was the inevitable. He went upstairs to the gray shaded the light. He saw in that moment of recognition is beloved 26 yearold brother was dying and heres a clue of how he died. His lungs and body were three quarters covered his outline was bitterly twisted below the covers an attitude of struggling torture. Seemed not too long to him. Somehow distorted and detached as if it belonged to a beheaded criminal and the sallow part of his face turned gray. In two red flags of fever. His beard was growing. It was some type how horrible. His then in a constant torture of strangulation above is somehow dead looking feet has inch by inch gasping for air into his lungs. The sound of his gasping, on believable and orchestrating every moment. But his final note of horror. The next he was delirious. By 4 00 oclock is apparent his death was near printed and then his consciousness in an consciousness and delirium of most of the time he was delirious. His breathing was easier. His coming some popular song. Always return to this quiet coming, to popular song wartime. It is unsentimental and now tragically moving. And then he sank into unconsciousness. His eyes were almost close. Death. He lay quietly upon his back very straight. And with a curious nest of his face, his mouth was firmly shut. I fervently was praying. Whoever you are, go to them tonight. Whoever you are, be good to be men tonight show him the way. He heard only the people rattle of his dying breath. He will suddenly calling his family in. He quietly waits till this body appeared to grow weaker. The last gaps been drew upon air and long and powerful respiration. His gray eyes opened. Filled with the terrible vision of all moment, he seemed to rise without support. In like to glory. He passed instantly and unafraid as he lived. Weve opened up our archives to look at author programs about the pandemic. In 2012, Science Writer david wrote the diseases that originated in animals and then spread to humans. They call these animal infections the passenger humans, zone analyses, the virus or it could be other forms of infectious bugs, it can be a bacterium, it could be a prone zone, like the creatures the cause malaria it could be a fungus, it can be warm, gibby something called a precaution, which causes mad cow disease. In another syndrome. Usually it is a virus. Viruses more than anything. They passed from animals into humans. They dont always cause disease print is sometimes they become harmless passengers in humans. There is a virus that attack about in the book and i cannot resist it because that such a wonderfully gruesome name and find the light side of this subject. When you can find it. And with all due respect to the people who suffered and died and there a lot of deaths in this book is strictly nonfiction bilitis and i respect that. But still, i did not want this book to be just a painful gruesome duty. Just an important scary book. I also wanted it to be a pleasurable fleeting experience. I wanted to be page turner. I wanted to have moments of suspense, chemistry and discoveries printed moments of heroism by some of these scientists who are outstanding the sort of thing. And yes even some moments of humor. It is not a very funny book. But anova might be the funniest book about ebola that you ever read. [laughter]. As i said, some of these bugs some of them harmless but often theyre not. If it passes into humans and causes mayhem there, that we call it does so a disease and 6s diseases of humans are zoonotic diseases. Another 40 percent everything comes from somewhere. The other 40 percent are probably of zoonotic origin and the broader sense. For instance measles is only a disease of humans. Where did it come from. Probably came from a virus that causes the disease. And maybe in hoofed animals in africa but maybe it has been in humans long enough that it has evolved and become adapted specifically to humans. So it is different. Different enough, then it is considered and functions as a uniquely human virus. But the 60 percent that are considered zoonotic, passing backandforth or passing from animals to humans on either a continuing basis or have been that very recently. And that includes things like ebola, marburg, all of the influences west nile virus the other viruses hiv. A talk at some length in the book about the ecological origins of the aids pandemic and we now know that the pandemic strain of hiv past from a single chimpanzee to a single human in a fairly small corner of south eastern cameroon and Central Africa in 19081908, we know that, we know that because theres some wonderful scientists who have worked on the genetics, the mueller carol fiber of the genetic takes that are precursors to hiv and then are intense and monkeys in the genetic diversity of hiv one program which is the pandemic strain. In these scientists have managed to locate the spillover event with a high degree of confidence. Theres always a certain provision nullity in science. They located it to southeastern cameron, one chimpanzee, one human, presumably a human who killed the chimpanzee and cutting himself on the hand of god blood to blood contact while he was butchering the chamfer food. And in the very early parts of the 20th century. Sometime around or before 1908. Michael borghi, and beatrice hollen are the scientists who with her colleagues in the mud assistance who were there. So there are these diseases, they spillover, there zoonotic, one other slightly technical term that i want to familiarize you with, is a reservoir post. The reservoir host is the kind of animal in which the bug, the virus or whatever it is, they live and permanently inconspicuously, without causing disease. Without causing mayhem. In that particular creature. What is live there. What is live there nondestructively. Probably because its been in that species for millions of years. And then an accommodation has evolved. So i virus in this reservoir host, replicates but it does not replicate calves christmas sleep. It tends to replicate slowly and it doesnt generally cause symptoms. So is invisible. It hides in this reservoir post. And something happens, humans kill any debt host, they come in contact with it, somehow maybe, i will tell you a couple of stories of ways it could happen. There is for host sheds of virus the virus gets into humans. And it becomes zoonotic disease. One of the things that the scientists do as they study this field and if they focus on these different diseases, one of the very first things that they have to do is identify the reservoir post. An Agency Spears over in malaysia. It is killing pigs and linens killing pig farmers and big butchers and park sellers. Where did it come from. They find it in the isolated virus in the human victims and in the pigs. The same virus in the human victims and in the pigs. This is a true case in a happened in 1998. They named it mika after particular village in malaysia. And then went looking for the reservoir post. Where was it. They found it in large fruit bats of the genus to rope us, the kind that are called the flying foxes in asia. How did this boulevard occur. The disease the detectives finally tracked through the route most likely spillover and heres what happened. People were cutting down forests, and peninsula of malaysia for development and for agriculture and for the timber itself. Cutting down the forest destroyed fruit bat habitat. And they were displaced they had to go looking for food for nectar somewhere else. They started going to human settlements. If there were orchards they were attracted to them and fruit trees planted by humans. Some of the fruit trees planted by humans work on tripping forms. It was a second stream of income for the big farmers around these great big factory skilled big farms in northern and Central Peninsula malaysia. Some of these farmers even planted in many countries and another kind of retreat called the butter apple. Very close to their openair excise and in some cases even shading the pigsty. And the mets come to fruit trees and planted of the big size, they eat the fruit and they to the mango, into the water apple, they dropped the pulp into the pigsty, they dropped their feces and they drop their urine. Drop their virus. And that goes into the pigsty the pigs pick it up and they get sick in the pigs, there infectious respiratory disease and the pigs are coughing and barking and passing this virus from one to the other. The pigs are mostly not dying however. Its a killing that many thanks. But becomes a horrendous agricultural problem. And then it starts getting into humans. And kills 109 people. Because the government of malaysia to preventively kill 1. 1 million pigs printed and required to the killing of all of the pigs from the effective farms. Its of people were so scared by this disease that where they were abandoning been there on farms. They were running away from them big farms. And at one point pigs were running loose of two villages in some cases abandoned villages. It is like a nightmare scenario it really happened. It is like something out of early or mac mccarthy of the book of exodus. Noninfectious pigs, running wild through the countryside. There are coughing of virus. And one fellow called that they 1 mile barking cough because you could hear the sick pigs coming. Any know kno