Other leaders and think about leaders and also to look at Anglo American relations, the aristocracy. Here is a photo of her when she was married to lord randolph and churchill was born in 1874. She was born in 1854. There you see Young Winston with his loving mother. Look at how he is dressed. What an embarrassing portrait for a statesman, right . [laughter] well, churchill wrote in his autobiography that he was a troubled boy in the sense that he caused trouble for others. He said, i was called a troublesome boy. There he is, about 14. You see that scowl. Wow. Does he look like that . [laughter] look at those two. [laughter] 50 years difference, but boy they look alike, dont they . You can see the resemblance between the two, the young teenager and the statesman that stood up to hitler. Ok, that pugnacious, troublesome boy, who grew up to be a statesman who gave trouble to people like hitler. Well, churchills mom, the letters she would write to Winston Churchill. This is what she wrote at one point. When she saw some of churchills grades. Look at that letter. Scolding. An insult to your intelligence. Thoughtlessness of yours which is your greatest enemy. These words may sound harsh, but but actually but actually churchills mother was one of his greatest supporters through her life and churchill always looked back and had fond remembrances of his mother, even though she did write these letters to goad him to do better, to push himself. And indeed churchill and his younger brother jack were two very, very successful leaders. What ever we see in this letter, whatever context we see, the product of the parenting worked out rather well. Well, here is churchill as a young man. He started off as a soldier, graduate from sandhurst. He saw action in cuba where he was an observer in the rebellion that took place against spanish rule in cuba. He also saw action on the northwest frontier of india, today modernday pakistan along the afghan border. He saw action in 1898 in egypt along the sudan, and in 1900 he saw action in south africa, in what is known as the boer war. Here is a young man, by his 26 year by 1900, has seen a great deal of combat. Has been in a great many situations where he could have been killed and has killed people as well. Since he was a war hero in the boer war, he became a celebrity. And he wrote about his experiences. Not only was Young Winston a soldier. He was also a highly paid journalist. He wrote about his experiences in the northwest frontier, india, africa, and also about the boer war. He was such a celebrity, he was able to be elected to parliament in 1900. And so, he entered into parliament as a political figure. Because churchill, while he was a good soldier, admired the military and could envision a life of being a soldier or military leader, his true ambition was to go into politics. In 1900, because he was a celebrity, he was able to arrange a speaking tour to come to the United States and talk about his experiences in south africa in the boer war. This is what he looked like in 1900 when he came to the United States. Now, while in the United States, he was introduced by senator depew of new york to none other than president mckinley. So my talk this morning has been mislabeled. It really is from mckinley to roosevelt. Churchill wrote back to his mother that he was very impressed by president mckinley. Of course president mckinley was a veteran of the american civil war, fought at the battle of antietam. Churchill knew that and had a great deal of respect for president mckinley. While in the United States, he also met theodore roosevelt. Now roosevelt, as you are going to see did form a very good impression of Winston Churchill. They went to a dinner Party Together and this is what the door Roosevelt Theodore roosevelt had to say about the experience. He found churchill to be a rude young man. Roosevelt wrote to his son, that he hates it when a man of light when someone persuades him to behave like a swine. Why was he angry at churchill . I had to ask him to say goodbye to his hostess. He was going to go away from the dinner Party Without saying goodbye to his hostess. Roosevelt did not form a good impression of churchill. Indeed many people who met churchill for the first time did not form a good impression. Churchill was someone who grew on you. Of the more you knew him, the more you saw his talents. Well, the great war, the great war of 191418, the first great war. Churchill, at the brink of the First World War, was the civilian head of the royal navy. Our equivalent is the secretary of the navy. He took up that position in 1911. In 1914, churchill was 40 years old. November 30, 1914, he turned 40 years old. This is a painting of him in his late 30s. This is a young man with considerable responsibility for the security of the British Empire, to make sure the oil navy is strong and able to defend britain from invasion, and keep them from starvation. Be able to keep open the sea lines. He was a very successful first lord of the admiralty before the First World War. In 1914 when the First World War broke out, churchill understood the danger the british fleet was seeing. The germans might launch a surprise attack, much like the japanese launched a surprise attack against the americans at the outbreak of the Second World War. During the july crisis, he was insistent that the fleet be capped mobilized and deployed to a workstation where the germans couldnt find it so they couldnt launch a surprise attack on the british fleet. Here is the grand fleet, the main fleet of the royal navy off to war stations. So, the First World War did not begin with a surprise attack. Theodore roosevelt was very impressed by this, by churchills actions during the july crisis, ensuring the british fleet was not caught unawares. So, theater roosevelt wrote to one of his british friends, are arthur lee and he wrote, i have never liked churchill, but in view of what he did in preparing us for war and in short was not caught by surprise by the germans, extend to him my congratulations. Again, roosevelt understood the stakes for britain. To lose its fleet would be a disaster for britain. Churchills actions helped preserve britains ability to fight the war against tyranny. Churchill right away understood that the United States would be an important player, even though it still was not yet in the war. So, less than a month into the war is giving interviews to american journalists. In the New York Times, you can see this interview from 1914. Churchill is trying to alert americans again less than a month into the First World War trying to alert americans to what is at stake. He is highlighting this is an ideological war. A war the between militarism, a German Military dictatorship and democracy. The war has been started, in churchills opinion, by the prussian military. The stakes are democracy. Military some against democracy. Militarism against democracy. The great collision. He is highlighting the ideological dimensions. There is wonderful language in this interview. He says the democratic nations of the world what does he mean by that . Where people own the government and not the government own the people. That has echoes of lincoln doesnt it . That is what americans should understand. Who do they want to see when this war . And by the way, im half american. Highlights that to the American Public. Again, he is proud of his american heritage. During the war itself, he highlighted to the British Public how important the United States could be in the war. In a speech that he gave in september 19 70, 1 of the lines and the speech is say hey, how is america going to win the war . A, how is britain going to win the war against germany . A. The letter a. Airplanes and america. If you want to understand Winston Churchills strategy in the Second World War, keep this in mind. There is continuity. Churchill understands and any conflict with germany, either imperial germany or nazi germany, britain will need the United States to prevail in such a war. There you see churchill i like this photograph, because it shows him making a point. You see how one hand is being hammered into the other hand. I also like that hat. [laughter] very much the style of the First World War. Well, behind the scenes, what churchill was saying publicly behind the same thing. This is admiral sims. He was the president of the Royal Navy War college. Both before the First World War and after the First World War. During the war, he was sent to be in command of the American Naval forces in europe. He was headquartered in london. This is a photograph of him. While in london, and this is a letter he wrote to his wife he met lady Randolph Churchill and had dinner with her. There is a picture of her. She is in her young 60s there. That is how churchills mother looked at this time. And he met then with Winston Churchill. Again, formerly first lord of the admiralty. Long and interesting talks he records in this to his wife. He said the allies would be beaten, germany would win if america had not come in. When you read these letters to his wife and his awardwinning book victory at sea, he said that he felt that britain was doing better in the war until he got over to britain and he realized how desperate the situation was in the spring of 1917 with the german u boats sinking so many british and neutral ships at that time. The situation was worse than he imagined. Churchill is saying highlighting to him, how important the United States is for britain to prevail against germany and germany would win this war had the United States not come in. Well, the United States support for the allies was decisive in turning the tide against germany. Imperial germany was defeated by this coalition of allied and associated powers we were not allies. Woodrow wilson did not want us to be a formal ally. We were in associated power. We were associated with the allies. The United States deployed a large army to france in 1918. Over 2 million american soldiers were in france by the end of the war in 1918. The American Army in france was bigger than the french army in france by the end of 1918. That gives you some idea of the magnitude of the american commitment to this war. This is a big transformation. Up to this point, the United States had not played such a huge role in the world scene. But the First World War showed the great military potential of the United States. The ability to deploy an ocean away 2 million american soldiers. Here at the end of the work, you see a poster for a mass meeting in new york from december 7, 1918. What does this show . Well, there is britannia, the personification of britain holding the trident high. Britain dominating the waves. Arm in arm with uncle sam, the lion and the eagle. Sidebyside, the United States and britain together have won the war. And if they stay together, they can enforce the peace and make sure that this is the last great war. That there will no longer be another great war. As we know, that does not happen. After the First World War, one thing that happens is that the United States and britain fall out with each other on this question of who is going to hold the trident . Will it be the United States or britain . Which country was going to be the leading naval power of the world . This is part of the history of International Relations of the period between the two world wars that is not well known today. I want to highlight this because this is one of the major irritants, points of contention between the United States and britain between the two world wars. What size should each countrys fleet be relative to the other . Should britain remained the remain the dominant naval power . Or should the United States be on par at least equal with that of britain . So, a naval rivalry emerges between britain and the United States after the First World War. Churchill, after the First World War, the British Government holds an election and this is churchill going back to his seat, his parliamentary seat in the scottish industrial fishing city of dundee up in the north and here he is delivering a speech at the end of november 1918. The war was over on the western front for a couple weeks. There you see churchill speaking to his constituency, and in the speech, he highlights the importance of British Naval power for winning the war. He says nothing you can dream of, anything that people will tell you no arguments, however specious, no appeals, however selective, must leave you to abandon naval supremacy. Britain has to keep a hold of that trident, because britains security and life depend on it. A week of nations is no substitute for the supremacy of the british fleet. Now who was calling for a league of nations at this time . Woodrow wilson, the american president. What did Woodrow Wilson think about that . Well wilson was coming over to europe to take part in the peace negotiations and on the way to europe, he heard about churchills speech. It was reported to him. The speech came in, and the substances the royal navy should remain supreme. Wilson said, well, if that is what they think, we can build the biggest navy in the world because we have the money, the men, and resources to do it. The United States should have a powerful navy, at least as strong, if not stronger, than that of britain. Britain should limit its fleet. There are alternatives to the supremacy of the royal navy. Like the league of nations. Look at this language from president wilson. Again, this is recorded by one of his secretaries. If the british want to limit their fleet, there will be another terrible, more bloody war. And what will the result be . Britain wiped off the face of the map. Boy, that is tough language. By the way, the reception at buckingham palace, churchill and wilson got together. Wilson said to churchill, well mr. Churchill, what is the story about your royal navy . Wilson told his secretary that churchill was stunned and said nothing. Imagine that. A speechless churchill. [laughter] again, highlighting a naval rivalry emerging between britain and the United States. During the first will dwarf, the First World War, will United States. Woodrow wilson championed the big navy, that the United States should build a big navy. During this time that the United States takes off, legislation in august 1916 to build a navy in the pacific and the atlantic. Look at this two dollar bill from 1918. Isnt that remarkable . I always say to the admirals i meet that we should try to get the president to put an Aircraft Carrier on the 20 bill. If you want to highlight the role of the navy. In this time of wartime preparedness, the message that the United States has to build up a powerful navy was being received by the American People favorably. The American People want to do see a Stronger Navy and Woodrow Wilson, before the war occurred, highlighted that the u. S. Navy had to be the greatest navy in the world. But britain had the greatest navy in the world. A rising power with economic strength translating that economic power to military power to naval power. Well, wilsons successor, president harding. Wilson and harding did not agree on many things. Two very different people. One thing they disagreed on was the league of nations. Harding was opposed to that. There was one thing harding and wilson agreed on. Here is a headline from the New York Times after the election of 1920. President harding went off on a cruise, a vocation to the caribbean. They report that he comes back with a nice suntan. By the way, those of you who are fans of the show justified can see a story line that looks very much like the story of that show. Federal agents in a gun battle with moonshiners in the kentucky hills. Wow. Ok. Hardings speech he give a speech about American Naval aspirations and here is that speech being recorded. Wow. What a microphone that is. So different and what we have today. Im glad i dont have to talk into o