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Transcripts For CSPAN3 Lectures In History Gender 1960s Act
Transcripts For CSPAN3 Lectures In History Gender 1960s Act
CSPAN3 Lectures In History Gender 1960s Activism July 14, 2024
Number of promises, so this should give context for where the
Womens Movement
is coming into play as we work through these overview issues. 1960s, as much promise as there was, we also know there were a lot of issues, particularly racial issues, but it was a period of great change. For those who did find promise in the 1960s, there were those who did not get access can individuals and groups fighting for that access. Riots,e the 1967 detroit a series of political assassinations. They have kate in 1963. , the assassination of
Martin Luther
king jr. And bobby kennedy, so there is fear about with this change means and people are reacting to that. Jfk, because we will be talking mostly about women in the
Civil Rights Movement
today, focusing on other womens experiences on wednesday, but to give you an idea, jfk was initially hesitant. We have a legacy now of him as a major shaker in the
Civil Rights Movement
come up but he was hesitant and cautious about the
Civil Rights Movement
in the initial year or so of his presidency. About very concerned alienating southern politicians and voters, because we are still in a period of deep segregation in the south, but in 1963, he issues the report to the
American People
on civil rights. This is his response to black americans who argued with him that you make these promises for civil rights and you are not making much progress on them. Civil rightshat was not just a general issue, but a moral issue for the nation, so he moves beyond some of that initial hesitation. It signified to people that there was change happening, at least at the administrative level, but after kennedys assassination that year, the question is will that progress continue . Will the promises that jfk . Ffered come to fruition there are concerns about lbj, whose
Vice President
who takes over in 1963, but johnson was shrewd as far as politics go and he takes the legislation and content of the earlier speech and incorporates that into what would become the
Civil Rights Act
of 1964. Was part of the
Great Society
legislation, this domestic policy platform that lbj adopts after becoming president. It prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin. It was designed to prohibit unequal application of
Voter Registration
requirements, racial segregation in schools employment, public accommodations, et cetera. This act was significant, but it still takes time to implement inse pieces, particularly areas where people were not as keen on this legislation. Theson also put forth
Voting Rights
act of 1965, which some say is the most significant piece of the legislation, but it prohibited
Racial Discrimination
in voting. All well and good, jfks and lbjs presidencies, we see a significant increase in our involvement in the vietnam war. It is also caught the second war. China lasted until 1955, 1975, but it is the 60s we see that increase, from fewer than by 1963,ps in 1959, 16,000 troops involved. At the start of 1964, 20 3000 troops. By the end of 1964 with the gulf of tonkin resolution, lbj has increased true presence to 184,000 troops. You can see that rapid increase in the 1960s. This also is a period where we see the deployment of
Ground Troops
for the first time, so americans are becoming more conscious of what our involvement in vietnam means. Antiwar see a rise in protest movements in particular. War,ities in the vietnam the more troops you put in, the more lives that will be lost. At the end of the vietnam war, 58,000 americans are killed. That is a significant number and a reason for protests in the u. S. , but protesters were also keenly aware of the fatalities happening in vietnam, not just soldiers, but civilian casualties. Estimates range from 900 66,000 vietnamese soldiers and civilians to upwards of 3. 8 million, depending on which records you are looking at. There are also hundreds of thousands of laos and cambodians killed. Test. You see the increase in draft issues. Women are not being drafted, but their husbands, sons are, so they are home trying to get involved in this movement. We are also in the era of the
Civil Rights Movement
. It is a movement that has a long history. Some have argued we need to refer to the 1950s and 1960s as the modern
Civil Rights Movement
, because it did not just pop up in the 1950s, but we will see significant strides in the 1950s and 1960s as the
Movement Fights
for constitutional and legal rights and protections granted to americans everywhere. The
Civil Rights Movement
will inspire a series of other movements during this time period, some more wellknown than others. The womens
Rights Movement
, what we will be talking about is the second wave of feminism. We will define what that means in a minute. Mexican americans are fighting for bilingual
Education Programs
in schools, worker protections. , the unionization of farmworkers and indigenous americans demanding the federal government recognized land rights and indigenous sovereignty. They are seeking control over
Indigenous Lands
and resources in attempting to preserve indigenous cultures and indigenous women, who we will talk about on wednesday, will take a key role as well. This is also the era of the lgbt movement. Where gay and lesbians individuals at the time are focusing on ending this termination on the basis of sexual orientation. This will pick up with the end of the 1960s with the stonewall incident in 1969, but we will see how that movement is taking shape in response to the
Civil Rights Movement
. So this is our context in which women are operating, recognizing the roles, and the ways in which they can affect change locally and nationally. About second wave feminism, this idea of feminism as a wave is the result of martha wyman leaders
New York Times
article, the second feminist wave. Prior to this, people were not thinking about feminism in those feminism,she argues which one might have supposed is dead as a question, is again an issue. Buthe is writing about it she is making the case this is a new, that women had a history of activism and fighting, and it is just now becoming a
National Issue
once again. She said proponents call it the second feminist wave, the first bbed and having disappeared after suffrage. There are issues with the terminology, this idea as it the wave as a metaphor. One historian argues this can be a useful term in terms of reminding people that the past meant had a movement had a past, but it can be reductive. It suggests whether explicitly or implicitly that each wave of feminism is a monolith with a unified agenda from it that women of all types are fighting together for the same common causes. It implies also that feminism peaks at certain times and iteipts at others, and so can ultimately ignore the conflicting ideals, goals, agendas of these different women, different groups of women. For example, the women we would talk about today in the student nonviolent coordinating womense, black experiences in activism will not be the same as white womens experiences, and their goals will not necessarily be the same. Workforce, for example, equal pay for equal work. I mean on its head that sounds like it would apply to all women , but the issue is that despite andfact that women of color white women might be fighting for that, it ignores the fact that women of color, black women especially, made less than a white female counterpart, so there is a race issue along with that gender issue that is not affecting white womens activism. Women are fighting for things like contraception and
Birth Control
. We will see a series of
Landmark Supreme Court
cases through the 1960s and 1970s which gave married and unmarried women the right to use
Birth Control
. We have griswold versus connecticut in 1965, which struck down a law stating that married couples could not use
Birth Control
or inform themselves about it, going all the way back to another era. So this particular court case allowed married couples to access contraception and contraceptive information. That a not be until 1972
Supreme Court
case argues that unmarried people, unmarried women, should have the same access to contraceptives and information as well. Ofthe end of the 1960s, 80 married women of childbearing age were using contraception. Part of this is made possible because in 1960, the federal government approved the production of the
Birth Control
easier andis made it more effective, despite many of the numerous side effects. Accessfor women to contraceptives and take personal control over their bodies, as opposed to other contraceptive methods. Women are fighting for the end of
Sexual Harassment
and domestic violence. For example, the criminalization of marital rape. That doesnt start into the mid1970s, so throughout this time period period, the 1 as wom are fighting for control over their lives and bodies, marital rape is not a crime in any state. Women are fighting for equality. The feminist mystique comes out during this time period, and she argues women are fighting for a thing that has no name, this systemicissue, this sexism the top women that their place is in the home comic that they should find enjoyment and fulfillment in caring for that home and bracing up their theirds raising up husbands, rearing their children, having children but if you couldnt have children, there is another issue as a woman. If women could not find enjoyment or fulfillment in their roles as housewives, it was only because they were broken and perverse. It is their problem. And she argues, i thought there was something wrong with me, because i did not have an orgasmic waxing the floor. She is putting it out there. She is unafraid. But she is also working in a context, the
National Organization
for women, fighting for the equal rights amendment. It is formed in 1966. In 1968, series of women protests the miss
America Pageant
as sexist, paternalistic , argues women are being judged purely on the physical appearance despite the fact that organizers of the pageant were like, but they are also talking about their plans for the world and what they know. The protesters were like, absolutely not. This is a huge issue. Contrary to popular belief, it is not like all of the women out there are going to dumpsters and throwing their bras in. Thats not how it works. As they protest the pageant, however, and other protests against the sexist ideals, they or taking tokens, symbols, items they feel represent mightsion, so the bra be one of those, but they are setting playboys on fire. You dont hear about that. That is far more interesting bra on fire. A they are destroying these ideals in a physical form, but frameworks like the feminine mystique, they are really specific if you get down to it to white middleclass women. Despite the demands of equal pay for equal work, it is one thing if youre being denied the opportunity to work because you want to work, but it is another thing to be denied the opportunity to work you need to work. When it came down to the families in the 1960s, far more women of color needed to work to supplement
Household Incomes
because even men of color are making less than than their white counterparts. And so, again, they are fighting for different names. Different things. Another example is the right to contraception and contraceptive knowledge. While black and white women are fighting for the information, that right, fighting for access to abortion, there is something that black women have to put up with that is not part of the mainstream in his movement, and that is to stop the forced sterilization of people of color in people with disabilities. Not been at had lived experience of most white women at the time, it was not part of that mainstream feminist movement, so there are different examples of how race and nationality, ethnicity, can play a role in the different lived experiences of women in the 1960s, and we have talked quite a bit about how that operated in the 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, but despite the changes of the 1960s, we are still seeing some of those same issues playing out. That blackr example, women specifically are playing an important and prominent role in the civil rights move. Yet, how often do you hear their names . Are you most likely to hear about or think of when you hear the phrase,
Civil Rights Movement
. Student most likely martin , mostlying, malcolm x all men, not the women. Prof. Goodall exactly. The first name that probably come to mind is
Martin Luther
king jr. , the face we assess associated with the movement. Malcolm x is a prominent figure. Johnight also think about lewis or stokely carmichael. If you think of a woman, you might think of rosa parks but when i have asked my history students in the past if they can name another woman aside from rosa parks, it is often difficult for them to do so. Many women in the
Civil Rights Movement
are facing gendered discrimination and
Sexual Harassment
from within the movement, so they are facing external and internal pressures and harassment. Museumng to the national of african
American History
and culture, the 1963 march on washington provides us a clear and concrete example of this. While the march push for equality, while women were instrumental in helping to organize and put the march together, the event was purely dominated by men. The formal program excluded. Omen from speaking no women were invited to be part of the delegation for meeting president kennedy later in the day. We will talk about some key individuals, i could go on and on all day about different women involved in the movement, but today we will focus on those who took the stance of either education or who were student activists, because for this class with each of you being students, you can make some personal connection with their experiences, but black women are serving a strategists, activists, organizers, and leaders in the
Civil Rights Movement
despite the dangers of participating in the movement. Not only do they have to fear the physical violence that their male counterparts were subject to, they had an added component they had to fear, and that was
Sexual Violence
perpetrated against them, but these women participated anyway. By introducing one person born to a formerly enslaved man and his wife. She is the second of eight she fought, spent her life fighting for
Educational Rights
for black individuals. She graduated from the avery normal institute, the first accredited secondary school for africanamericans in charleston where she grew up. After graduating, she taught in segregated schools throughout
South Carolina
. So, she earned a bachelors degree from
Benedict College
in 1942, a historically black college, and she also a few years later in 1946 earned a masters degree from hampton is to to come in now hampton university. , sheg that entire period recognized that, despite her best efforts, the segregated schools, no matter what she did come if they didnt have the same resources, the same funding as allwhite schools, her efforts to educate could only go so far, and so she continued to fight for equal
Educational Opportunities
and rights. 1956, she lost her job as an carolinabecause south ,and membership in the naacp and she refused to comply. She had been a longstanding member of the naacp, and because of her work with the organization, she was alternate hard to become the director of workshops at
Highlander School
in tennessee, which was ultimately absorbed into the southern leadership conference. During that time period, she and her cousin,
Bernice Robinson
another prominent female figure in the movement, created the first
Citizenship School
to educate blacks in literacy, state government, and election procedures. And
Martin Luther
king jr. Relied heavily on her expertise regarding education, literacy, and the role in which literacy and education could help the voting movement that he was part of. Influential that he insisted when he won the
Nobel Peace Prize
in 1964 that she accompany him to sweden. He was adamant that she had to be there with him because of how much work she had put into supporting his overall movement. And she inspired many other students areularly with further segregation. Woment of the following come from the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
, student activists, women getting involved at a young age. Experiences,ferent so you heard about clark, born to a formerly enslaved individual. Aane nash is born to middleclass family in chicago. In talking with her, historians, scholars, journalists, she said she truly didnt understand what segregation was, because coming from where she was in it wasnt until she enrolled at
Fisk University
that she realized how impactful segregation was on the educational experience. And on the lived experience of students. She became a member of the freedom riders, one of the most prominent student leaders of the entire
Womens Movement<\/a> is coming into play as we work through these overview issues. 1960s, as much promise as there was, we also know there were a lot of issues, particularly racial issues, but it was a period of great change. For those who did find promise in the 1960s, there were those who did not get access can individuals and groups fighting for that access. Riots,e the 1967 detroit a series of political assassinations. They have kate in 1963. , the assassination of
Martin Luther<\/a> king jr. And bobby kennedy, so there is fear about with this change means and people are reacting to that. Jfk, because we will be talking mostly about women in the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> today, focusing on other womens experiences on wednesday, but to give you an idea, jfk was initially hesitant. We have a legacy now of him as a major shaker in the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> come up but he was hesitant and cautious about the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> in the initial year or so of his presidency. About very concerned alienating southern politicians and voters, because we are still in a period of deep segregation in the south, but in 1963, he issues the report to the
American People<\/a> on civil rights. This is his response to black americans who argued with him that you make these promises for civil rights and you are not making much progress on them. Civil rightshat was not just a general issue, but a moral issue for the nation, so he moves beyond some of that initial hesitation. It signified to people that there was change happening, at least at the administrative level, but after kennedys assassination that year, the question is will that progress continue . Will the promises that jfk . Ffered come to fruition there are concerns about lbj, whose
Vice President<\/a> who takes over in 1963, but johnson was shrewd as far as politics go and he takes the legislation and content of the earlier speech and incorporates that into what would become the
Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1964. Was part of the
Great Society<\/a> legislation, this domestic policy platform that lbj adopts after becoming president. It prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin. It was designed to prohibit unequal application of
Voter Registration<\/a> requirements, racial segregation in schools employment, public accommodations, et cetera. This act was significant, but it still takes time to implement inse pieces, particularly areas where people were not as keen on this legislation. Theson also put forth
Voting Rights<\/a> act of 1965, which some say is the most significant piece of the legislation, but it prohibited
Racial Discrimination<\/a> in voting. All well and good, jfks and lbjs presidencies, we see a significant increase in our involvement in the vietnam war. It is also caught the second war. China lasted until 1955, 1975, but it is the 60s we see that increase, from fewer than by 1963,ps in 1959, 16,000 troops involved. At the start of 1964, 20 3000 troops. By the end of 1964 with the gulf of tonkin resolution, lbj has increased true presence to 184,000 troops. You can see that rapid increase in the 1960s. This also is a period where we see the deployment of
Ground Troops<\/a> for the first time, so americans are becoming more conscious of what our involvement in vietnam means. Antiwar see a rise in protest movements in particular. War,ities in the vietnam the more troops you put in, the more lives that will be lost. At the end of the vietnam war, 58,000 americans are killed. That is a significant number and a reason for protests in the u. S. , but protesters were also keenly aware of the fatalities happening in vietnam, not just soldiers, but civilian casualties. Estimates range from 900 66,000 vietnamese soldiers and civilians to upwards of 3. 8 million, depending on which records you are looking at. There are also hundreds of thousands of laos and cambodians killed. Test. You see the increase in draft issues. Women are not being drafted, but their husbands, sons are, so they are home trying to get involved in this movement. We are also in the era of the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a>. It is a movement that has a long history. Some have argued we need to refer to the 1950s and 1960s as the modern
Civil Rights Movement<\/a>, because it did not just pop up in the 1950s, but we will see significant strides in the 1950s and 1960s as the
Movement Fights<\/a> for constitutional and legal rights and protections granted to americans everywhere. The
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> will inspire a series of other movements during this time period, some more wellknown than others. The womens
Rights Movement<\/a>, what we will be talking about is the second wave of feminism. We will define what that means in a minute. Mexican americans are fighting for bilingual
Education Programs<\/a> in schools, worker protections. , the unionization of farmworkers and indigenous americans demanding the federal government recognized land rights and indigenous sovereignty. They are seeking control over
Indigenous Lands<\/a> and resources in attempting to preserve indigenous cultures and indigenous women, who we will talk about on wednesday, will take a key role as well. This is also the era of the lgbt movement. Where gay and lesbians individuals at the time are focusing on ending this termination on the basis of sexual orientation. This will pick up with the end of the 1960s with the stonewall incident in 1969, but we will see how that movement is taking shape in response to the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a>. So this is our context in which women are operating, recognizing the roles, and the ways in which they can affect change locally and nationally. About second wave feminism, this idea of feminism as a wave is the result of martha wyman leaders
New York Times<\/a> article, the second feminist wave. Prior to this, people were not thinking about feminism in those feminism,she argues which one might have supposed is dead as a question, is again an issue. Buthe is writing about it she is making the case this is a new, that women had a history of activism and fighting, and it is just now becoming a
National Issue<\/a> once again. She said proponents call it the second feminist wave, the first bbed and having disappeared after suffrage. There are issues with the terminology, this idea as it the wave as a metaphor. One historian argues this can be a useful term in terms of reminding people that the past meant had a movement had a past, but it can be reductive. It suggests whether explicitly or implicitly that each wave of feminism is a monolith with a unified agenda from it that women of all types are fighting together for the same common causes. It implies also that feminism peaks at certain times and iteipts at others, and so can ultimately ignore the conflicting ideals, goals, agendas of these different women, different groups of women. For example, the women we would talk about today in the student nonviolent coordinating womense, black experiences in activism will not be the same as white womens experiences, and their goals will not necessarily be the same. Workforce, for example, equal pay for equal work. I mean on its head that sounds like it would apply to all women , but the issue is that despite andfact that women of color white women might be fighting for that, it ignores the fact that women of color, black women especially, made less than a white female counterpart, so there is a race issue along with that gender issue that is not affecting white womens activism. Women are fighting for things like contraception and
Birth Control<\/a>. We will see a series of
Landmark Supreme Court<\/a> cases through the 1960s and 1970s which gave married and unmarried women the right to use
Birth Control<\/a>. We have griswold versus connecticut in 1965, which struck down a law stating that married couples could not use
Birth Control<\/a> or inform themselves about it, going all the way back to another era. So this particular court case allowed married couples to access contraception and contraceptive information. That a not be until 1972
Supreme Court<\/a> case argues that unmarried people, unmarried women, should have the same access to contraceptives and information as well. Ofthe end of the 1960s, 80 married women of childbearing age were using contraception. Part of this is made possible because in 1960, the federal government approved the production of the
Birth Control<\/a> easier andis made it more effective, despite many of the numerous side effects. Accessfor women to contraceptives and take personal control over their bodies, as opposed to other contraceptive methods. Women are fighting for the end of
Sexual Harassment<\/a> and domestic violence. For example, the criminalization of marital rape. That doesnt start into the mid1970s, so throughout this time period period, the 1 as wom are fighting for control over their lives and bodies, marital rape is not a crime in any state. Women are fighting for equality. The feminist mystique comes out during this time period, and she argues women are fighting for a thing that has no name, this systemicissue, this sexism the top women that their place is in the home comic that they should find enjoyment and fulfillment in caring for that home and bracing up their theirds raising up husbands, rearing their children, having children but if you couldnt have children, there is another issue as a woman. If women could not find enjoyment or fulfillment in their roles as housewives, it was only because they were broken and perverse. It is their problem. And she argues, i thought there was something wrong with me, because i did not have an orgasmic waxing the floor. She is putting it out there. She is unafraid. But she is also working in a context, the
National Organization<\/a> for women, fighting for the equal rights amendment. It is formed in 1966. In 1968, series of women protests the miss
America Pageant<\/a> as sexist, paternalistic , argues women are being judged purely on the physical appearance despite the fact that organizers of the pageant were like, but they are also talking about their plans for the world and what they know. The protesters were like, absolutely not. This is a huge issue. Contrary to popular belief, it is not like all of the women out there are going to dumpsters and throwing their bras in. Thats not how it works. As they protest the pageant, however, and other protests against the sexist ideals, they or taking tokens, symbols, items they feel represent mightsion, so the bra be one of those, but they are setting playboys on fire. You dont hear about that. That is far more interesting bra on fire. A they are destroying these ideals in a physical form, but frameworks like the feminine mystique, they are really specific if you get down to it to white middleclass women. Despite the demands of equal pay for equal work, it is one thing if youre being denied the opportunity to work because you want to work, but it is another thing to be denied the opportunity to work you need to work. When it came down to the families in the 1960s, far more women of color needed to work to supplement
Household Incomes<\/a> because even men of color are making less than than their white counterparts. And so, again, they are fighting for different names. Different things. Another example is the right to contraception and contraceptive knowledge. While black and white women are fighting for the information, that right, fighting for access to abortion, there is something that black women have to put up with that is not part of the mainstream in his movement, and that is to stop the forced sterilization of people of color in people with disabilities. Not been at had lived experience of most white women at the time, it was not part of that mainstream feminist movement, so there are different examples of how race and nationality, ethnicity, can play a role in the different lived experiences of women in the 1960s, and we have talked quite a bit about how that operated in the 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, but despite the changes of the 1960s, we are still seeing some of those same issues playing out. That blackr example, women specifically are playing an important and prominent role in the civil rights move. Yet, how often do you hear their names . Are you most likely to hear about or think of when you hear the phrase,
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> . Student most likely martin , mostlying, malcolm x all men, not the women. Prof. Goodall exactly. The first name that probably come to mind is
Martin Luther<\/a> king jr. , the face we assess associated with the movement. Malcolm x is a prominent figure. Johnight also think about lewis or stokely carmichael. If you think of a woman, you might think of rosa parks but when i have asked my history students in the past if they can name another woman aside from rosa parks, it is often difficult for them to do so. Many women in the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> are facing gendered discrimination and
Sexual Harassment<\/a> from within the movement, so they are facing external and internal pressures and harassment. Museumng to the national of african
American History<\/a> and culture, the 1963 march on washington provides us a clear and concrete example of this. While the march push for equality, while women were instrumental in helping to organize and put the march together, the event was purely dominated by men. The formal program excluded. Omen from speaking no women were invited to be part of the delegation for meeting president kennedy later in the day. We will talk about some key individuals, i could go on and on all day about different women involved in the movement, but today we will focus on those who took the stance of either education or who were student activists, because for this class with each of you being students, you can make some personal connection with their experiences, but black women are serving a strategists, activists, organizers, and leaders in the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> despite the dangers of participating in the movement. Not only do they have to fear the physical violence that their male counterparts were subject to, they had an added component they had to fear, and that was
Sexual Violence<\/a> perpetrated against them, but these women participated anyway. By introducing one person born to a formerly enslaved man and his wife. She is the second of eight she fought, spent her life fighting for
Educational Rights<\/a> for black individuals. She graduated from the avery normal institute, the first accredited secondary school for africanamericans in charleston where she grew up. After graduating, she taught in segregated schools throughout
South Carolina<\/a>. So, she earned a bachelors degree from
Benedict College<\/a> in 1942, a historically black college, and she also a few years later in 1946 earned a masters degree from hampton is to to come in now hampton university. , sheg that entire period recognized that, despite her best efforts, the segregated schools, no matter what she did come if they didnt have the same resources, the same funding as allwhite schools, her efforts to educate could only go so far, and so she continued to fight for equal
Educational Opportunities<\/a> and rights. 1956, she lost her job as an carolinabecause south ,and membership in the naacp and she refused to comply. She had been a longstanding member of the naacp, and because of her work with the organization, she was alternate hard to become the director of workshops at
Highlander School<\/a> in tennessee, which was ultimately absorbed into the southern leadership conference. During that time period, she and her cousin,
Bernice Robinson<\/a> another prominent female figure in the movement, created the first
Citizenship School<\/a> to educate blacks in literacy, state government, and election procedures. And
Martin Luther<\/a> king jr. Relied heavily on her expertise regarding education, literacy, and the role in which literacy and education could help the voting movement that he was part of. Influential that he insisted when he won the
Nobel Peace Prize<\/a> in 1964 that she accompany him to sweden. He was adamant that she had to be there with him because of how much work she had put into supporting his overall movement. And she inspired many other students areularly with further segregation. Woment of the following come from the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee<\/a>, student activists, women getting involved at a young age. Experiences,ferent so you heard about clark, born to a formerly enslaved individual. Aane nash is born to middleclass family in chicago. In talking with her, historians, scholars, journalists, she said she truly didnt understand what segregation was, because coming from where she was in it wasnt until she enrolled at
Fisk University<\/a> that she realized how impactful segregation was on the educational experience. And on the lived experience of students. She became a member of the freedom riders, one of the most prominent student leaders of the entire
Civil Rights Movement<\/a>. While in tennessee as a student, she organized citizens in ins inle sit nashville, and was part of the movement, andn she let all of the rides from birmingham to jackson, taking the lead in each of those. She is actually one of the founding members and student. Eaders of the sncc smith, j with ruby charles jones, they let a sitin in rockville,
South Carolina<\/a> in response to what became known as the rock hill nine. Has anybody heard of the rock hill nine . Likelye probably more heard of the greensburg sit ins, but nine individuals were arrested during a peaceful sit bail,d they refuse to pay choosing to sit out their sentences. Widers going to spark a protest against that failed system, but she along with the three others went down to rock hill and participated in a sit in their. Like the other nine individuals, they were also arrested and refused to pay bail, choosing to sit out their sentences. Nash was arrested for leading nonviolent workshops in 1961, again refusing to pay bail , to pay into a system which would have forced her to admit to wrongdoing that she didnt believe she participated in. Leads the selma voting
Rights Movement<\/a> with
Martin Luther<\/a> king jr. In 1963, she organized the birmingham desegregation campaign, so she had direct contact and offered direct assistance via her role in the sncc organization to
Martin Luther<\/a> king jr. Colleague, ruby doris smith, later married name robinson, she like diane nash, was born family. Dleclass friendl she talked about how she had largely been shielded from the issue by her family, by her parents, but she was always very conscious of her race come of her blackness, and she did not shy away from that. She had not faced or experience the segregation of many of her peers had. She was a student where she joined the
Atlanta Student Movement<\/a> and participated in sitins throughout atlanta. Her experiences especially joining with nash and other sncc leaders, she became the administrative secretary of the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee<\/a> atlanta office. She sought to it that the field secretaries throughout the area got anything and everything they needed to be effective in their protest campaigns. , helped towith nash popularize that jail no bail strategy. In her capacity as the administrative secretary for separate she created a from sncc in which they provided or found transportation for those participating in sitins, et cetera. Being soher work effective and important to the
Larger Movement<\/a> was elected to replace jim foreman as snccs executive secretary of the first and only woman to have served on snccs executive committee. Before the of this ripe old age of 25. Yes, feeling a little old. For smith smithrobinson, her. Ctivism was cut short at the age of 25 she died of terminal cancer. But she is quoted this is on her tombstone, a phrase attributed to her, if you inc. Free, you are free. That became a rallying point for a lot of individuals, particularly in the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee<\/a>. Despite her short time in the movement, she left a long lasting legacy. Individual who helped out with the development of sncc ,
Ella Josephine<\/a> baker, like clark, she grew up listening to stories from her grandmother about life as an enslaved woman. Carolinaaised in north , and her grandmother would often tell her about the time she was whipped for refusing to marry a man that had been chosen for her by her owner. Bakers grandmother told her many stories about these experiences as an enslaved woman, and this, from childhood, is still in baker, a desire, a , right . Make change she understood from a direct level what it was like to be unfree. This is a situation that not all of the individuals involved in these
Womens Movement<\/a>s understood. She studied at
Shaw University<\/a> in raleigh, north carolina. She graduated as class valedictorian in 1927. She was active in many organizations. She was part of the naacp, in the southern christian leadership conference, served as executive secretary in that , and she recognized the power that the younger population had come if harnessed and given direction. So as executive secretary of the southern christian leadership conference, she decided to organize a conference of student activists at
Shaw University<\/a> in raleigh, north carolina. That conference is the founding of the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee<\/a>, even though she herself was no longer a student. She recognize the importance of education and student activism. The student she engaged with to organize from the ground up. She assisted him by leveraging her connections in the various organizations she belong to, especially the naacp, and that enabled her to connect those students with powerful ends upals, and so sncc congressorces with the of racial equality, core, and those two organizations put soether the freedom rides, you can see the intergenerational connectedness between baker and the students she engaged with. Develop theim freedom summer, which was the first
Voter Registration<\/a> project which attempted to
Bring National<\/a> attention to mississippis racism and physically register black voters who had been intimidated via violence. Helped as the students grew into their activism, encouraged him to join these additional organizations and to help spread from where they were to other parts of the nation. And the last one i will introduce you to, which should bring us to todays reading that ann is and moody moody. She was born in rural mississippi, the eldest of nine children. Her parents divorced while she was young, so to help her mother she being the eldest, worked for several white families in the area to clean their houses and help their children, do some tutoring with their homework, taking care of him, if the parents needed to be away at work, and she did so for only a few dollars a week, but she did what she needed to do to bring money in for her family. Had to the fact that she take on such responsibility at such a young age, she graduated with honors from a segregated, allblack high school in 1960, and in 1961, the following year, she went to
Junior College<\/a>. She went there on a basketball scholarship. That is where she became more involved with these grassroots organizations, particularly sncc. Originalbutes her attention and desire to join the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a>s organizations as a direct result of the murder of 14yearold emmett till. You know the story of it until is the till, a 14yearold africanamerican boy murdered in 1955 because a woman, a white that look at a wrong, whistled at her, and his cousinother and decided to take justice into their own hands, and those individuals were never held responsible for what happened to him. Face, what happened to him was plastered in the newspapers. His mother wanted that image out there because she wanted to see what grown men were willing to do to a child, so moody was very familiar with the case. She had seen it, right . She understood the devastation that could occur, so in college, she became involved with the congress of racial equality, joinede, the naacp sncc. She left
Junior College<\/a> and went to college on an academic scholarship, and ultimately earned her bachelors of science degree in 1964 and used her knowledge and experience during that time to become part of the sncc freedom singers. So in college she joins this group, and in 1963, they participate in the march on washington. Now the freedom singers are coming from all different areas, and for moody, it is her experience with the singers that really changes her outlook on who she is and what her role is in the movement, and so today, fords article from 2013 in the journal of southern women, and the politics of dress. To give you context of who ford is and where this work is coming from, ford is an awardwinning writer, cultural critic, and historian, currently an associate professor of
African Studies<\/a> and history of the university of delaware. She describes her work, and you can see this clearly with the article, as centering the experiences of black women, msrls and nonbinary fe using the lens of material culture, fashion, beauty, and body politics. Several books dealing with these issues, including liberated threads, black women, style, and the
Global Politics<\/a> of soul, and a forthcoming manuscript this summer, dressed in dreams, a black girls love letter to the tower of fashion. Article, she speaks to you about what physical itearance can mean, what represents, how changing it changes a message, and she opens up with moodys experience. During this experience for moody , she feels very overdressed as a freedom singer, because she shows up and realizes that among her and her fellow seniors, she is the only singers machine is the only one in the dressed, because early on in the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a>, you will see individuals wearing what might be considered their sunday best. They felt as if they had to. Resent in a specific way and so here is moody an address compared to her counterparts in denim, skirts, and jeans. Whattarts to rethink choice it means, or what it means to choose your physical clothing, what message that can send. How black exploring women in these movements, in their protests, abandoned respectable, again in respectable clothing and hairstyles. She explores what this means in body,of ownership of the ownership of the movement, and how these expenses are happening in the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a>. So just to give you some framework, the
Research Questions<\/a> in particular that with, sheerating says, why did these young women, why are these young black women making these choices, making the choice to abandon socalled respectful clothing, abandoning processed hairstyles, why . She wants to better understand what that meant not just for him, but their message more broadly, and what does this journey, these womens experiences reveal about snccs radical brand of activism, the intraracial class politics that play in the movement, and
Youth Culture<\/a> more broadly. Are thinking about gendered activism and how gender affects peoples reality, particularly as they participate in these different activists movements, what does she say about how gender affected activism for women then, and as we move into talking about the get ag today, i want to sense from you what you guys think about whether or not gender is affecting todays means of activism. You can think about the me too uprising the baltimore , and the various reactions to
Police Brutality<\/a> and violence, because women are still playing very pivotal roles in those movements as well, and there is both gender and race and class components at play. Again, i am going to work through some of these questions with you and get a sense of your thoughts, then i do have some questions from your classmates. , why doll start just you think, based on your understanding of fords readings in your understanding now of this, why do you think black women are abandoning this, i guess, this clothing come of , thisersona clothing persona . Anthony . A way ofthank it is reclaiming their identity. For so long, beauty has been seen through a white metric. As a result of that, by taking that back in wearing denim and natural hair, they are completely getting rid of that white metric in reclaiming beauty for themselves so i think it is a really important part of the struggle for black liberation, black womens liberation, to claim something for themselves in the face of white supremacy. Ofdent to piggyback off anthonys answer, it is quoted in the first pages that women used to dress to transcend the worldview of blackness and black culture. Not to repeat what you said, but it very much was to a white lens, and from my perspective, they were like, we want to make more movement in this movement, we need to be authentically ourselves and we cant keep portraying who we are through this lens that society has put on us. Prof. Goodall speaking about this idea of reclaiming identity and self rating authentic selves , these are choices these young women are making. What do you think this says , the the organization sncc radical activism the students are participating in . How do you think it affects their time at sncc, this shift in terms of how they are dressing . Prof. Goodall in you you student in the reading, they mentioned they were not wearing skirts and wearing denim, so it became a way for sncc to fortify themselves and black females to express their inner self as well. Student i was going to
Say Something<\/a> similar. I feel like they knew they would set their own identity for other black people to follow outside of their organization. It was also something that was hard for them to do, go against the grain, because they were trained as little girls to look a certain way and go against ess, so himan having this uniform was necessary in order to have the rest of the black community to follow this specific uniform as well, so it made their movement stronger, because they are not blended in with what society was saying about him. Prof. Goodall excellent. This will take us in the questions you guys raised from your reading. It also speaks to gender affecting the reality of activism. I do want to move to some of your questions. You guys raised some really important points from fords reading. We will start with this first one because it speaks to what you are talking about allison. Why do you think black womens moral character, more than their male counterparts, were culled into question when it comes to the ways in which they chose to dress and present themselves . So why are they being attacked for that choice more than their male counterparts in sncc . Student i think i would say the consideredomen are gentle creatures and should be presented in a beautiful way especially activism. If they look presentable, then they might be wanting to talk, not robust,ress but more assertive and taken seriously, they are going to break those molds, so i think it is about trying to break away, and men, no matter the fashion, they will still be based on the gender alone taken more seriously over a female. Student going off of what she said, but also being that women being seen first, how they are presented is whether they will be approached or taken seriously , so black women were like, if you go without your hair pressed and look on or ugly, even because it wasnt what the standard was, then you werent presentable or you want fessional, poor your class for your class, no one is going to listen to you if youre in the lower class because you dont have a say, so i think because it was more so towards women like a big controversy because were supposed to look one way and there was only one thing of what beauty was back then or one way that women were supposed to look, so i think that had a lot to do with it. Yes, announcer i like you are speaking to this idea of women being seen first, her second, it goes to this idea of being seen, not heard. I heard that a lot when i was a little kid. We want to see you. We dont want to hear you. I think for women that that is a phrase that you hear more than male counterparts. Somebody over here have thoughts . Had thoughts . Student i dont have anything new to contribute. Everyone said what i was going to say, but i definitely think women especially are targeted for the way they dress, and even now when you say we want to hear you and not see you and not hear you, that is a problem. That is pervasive in our society today. More specifically, race has something to do with it because i can remember when president obama was still president , fox news criticize him for the things he wore, so attacking people for what they wear is a means to discredit them. It is baseless. It is baseless. There is nothing to it. It is just a way to discredit someone. So i think there is one part to it where there is a gender part, but there is also a racial component too. That is why it was really important for black women during this time to reclaim beauty for themselves, so that way they arent discredited. They know who they are. They know what their identity is. S. Ah, that is my two cent prof. Goodall if we take the gender component out of it, i think about first
Lady Michelle<\/a> dont her appearance, i even know where to begin, but i will say that for whatever reason, this white ideal of beauty we will take it to onassis. She was the base for unity, class, and grace. People went back to her is that beauty, andt lady that is the person that ultimately ended up comparing ,ichelle obama to so many times and no matter what she did, if she dressed in a style that was seen to be quite facing, she was criticized for trying to hard. If she dressed or presented herself in a way that felt authentic to her, she was criticized for that. And it brings together that race and gender component, and you see that play out throughout this particular article, so i think that takes us to this question at the bottom, so as women are actively trying to , they arehemselves still being told that the way they look must appeal to authority figures, particularly 1960specially in the they are still the authority figures. Do you think that the men, white or black, impacted the ways women in sncc chose to present themselves . And do you think men today still call the shots as far as professional appearances . Student i completely agree that the men did impact the women dressed in presented themselves, because they were the ones that said you should dress a certain way but today, it is a policy thing. The first thing i think of is the army, like women that like color and women who are white with hair has to be a certain way. It has to be put back where women could not have their hair down, or they couldnt have it in braids, even if it is short. They can express themselves. It has to be in a tight bun. That is the first thing i think about, mentor can try what women can wear, even an active military today. You go for a professional job and you have to wear a pencil skirt or slacks and a bit was only a skirt to show their femininity. If a woman shows too much for too little, there considered a prude, and if they show too much there considered a slut. I think men control that completely. Prof. Goodall how do you think feel,men in
Jamie Goodall<\/a> or were they impacted in sncc feel, or were they impacted by the men they were working alongside . Student i think the patriarchal norms set up in society for women is directly impacted the women in sncc to change the way they present themselves. So that is the impact it has. They saw this as oppressive and chose to react to it, and that is how men impacted the women in sncc. I dont know if there is anything broader than that, just simply realizing the norms set up for him were oppressive, and choosing to reject that was the impact men had. Do i think men today still call the shots on appearances . Gender,think there is a heteronormative, white standard for fashion. , men,applied to women queer people, people of color, and it is very seriously damaging. Student yeah, and to go with that as well, though it did motivate them to liberate themselves from what they were ,earing, i cant speak for him but especially almost conflicting income splitting, because they have these two sides pulling towards them because they want to take back their fashion, take back this liberation of wearing these denim skirts and claiming something for themselves but also understanding what they wear, even if they are trying to do it as a sense of liberation still gets pulled towards that gender expectations, so conflicting a lot of the times knowing we want to take back this liberation, but also have to fall within these norms of being presentable or being dressed well. Go ahead. All say one i was going to of the benefits from wearing the denim was the practicality for what they were doing during the , being thrown ketchup and mustard packs, being hosed down. It is impractical to be wearing your sunday best clothing, where denim is more durable, made for that work, so that is one of the practicalities of wearing denim. It was a fashion statement and selfexpression, but also benefited themselves for what they were doing at the time. Prof. Goodall yeah, absolutely. So do you think the members of sncc, especially the women come the idea of adopting this sncc uniform, denim, skirts, jeans, overalls, do you think they change their clothing to also become more relatable to the community . Did,u think that if they do you think this increase their credibility . Do you think this might have hurt their message . How do you think adopting the affected the way people view them from outside the organization . Yeah, according to the reading, they were saying they went into rural areas, and that is most of the people. They wore jeans and denim overalls and they are coming in all dressed up and they said finally, you know, make them shy away from denim, because they felt like this person doesnt to stop wearing that, people in the rural areas were more comfortable with and coming in and asking them questions and they would answer them better. Prof. Goodall anybody else . I think between the practicality of it, given the nature of the activism the sncc members are participating in, as well as a variety of different kinds of people. So not only are we dealing with issues of gender and race within
Jamie Goodall<\/a> and within the larger sncc and within the larger
Civil Rights Movement<\/a>, we are dealing with class issues and class biases. You might feel less comfortable believing or trusting an individual if they are presenting to you in a way that suggests you are the other, that they are coming in to take charge, or they are coming in telling you what you need to be doing, if they present to you in a particular way, you might be intimidated. You might not feel comfortable. You might not feel like they understand you or represent you. And i think for women in particular, when they are coming into the situations and operating as leaders of the , theynt, leaders in sncc have to find ways to be taken seriously in that capacity, because we saw in the march on washington just how, despite all of the work in organizing an effort they put into the
Larger Movement<\/a>, how they were still not taken as seriously as their male counterparts, not afforded the same opportunities to present their leadership, to present i want to go back to this idea about gender contacting the reality of activism for women. Talk to me about how you think gender is affecting activism from the forward article. Think about the 1960s. We can move outside of the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> as well. We will be talking about the various other movements women are participating in, especially as we continue to move through the 70s and 80s. Have physical appearance is affecting the ways in which women are treated in activist situations. Thinking about the 60s today, what do you think . How is gender affecting the reality of activism for these women . At the end of the forward article, toward the end, he said that men were well known more wellknown. No matter how much the women tried, you gave great examples at then who were in sncc time, and they work not wellknown, but the men made such an impact. It shows gender doesnt matter because matter because these women do not get acknowledged, being overlooked. They were getting acknowledgment within the organization. Outside, i dont think anyone saw the true impact. I think this a choice, beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, women are educated and everyone can speak up, they are aware. Thats at the forefront of choice. The real choice of what i can do with my body comes in 1974. The main thing is, as i have a choice. This is what i want to do. Is i have a choice. This is what i want to do. Think about the icons women would have had at the time. To the number one television beaver,s leave it to who has june cleaver, and father knows best. In both of those shows, we have a particular type of woman presented. Even throughout the rest of popculture in the 60s, there is a shift happening. What we would call a counterculture. Theres a reason its called the counterculture. Its counter to this dominant culture that has been in place. It is a reaction to that. I dont think you see a significant push toward some of the ideas we would see is more radical. Natural hair. That will be a big movement in the 1970s. We will talk about angela davis next week. She is brilliant. Influential in ofmoting these standards fighting against standards of beauty. Means ofearance as a furthering a message. I think we will wrap up today. Before we do, do you guys have any different final questions or thoughts on the reading yucca reading . We will use that as a touching point next week. I want to see if there are any final thoughts. A final thought, i dont have to go too far in today. Looking over the forward article , i also think of the 1960s and the fashion and societal shift. When i was sitting there in reading, i thought of this question. Is there another time in history where fashion was so influential to societal change . The only thing i could think of was when we made the transition to wearing bloomers as pants. Its kind of accessible acceptable for women to wear pants. Up until the 1950s, women were wearing skirts on a regular basis. It wasnt until the
Dick Van Dyke<\/a> show, where pants were worked into womens fashion. I was just thinking, even into the 80s and 90s, there was the punk rock face, but that was a phase. It wasnt using fashion to change a major racial issue. Does it feel like war, in the sense of from the first to second movement, there was world war ii and world war i. Then there is the korean war it seemed like there was a big gap between the
Civil Rights Act<\/a> in the first. Roe v. Wade. Is there a tangible result from these wars and the
Womens Movement<\/a>, to be like, there is a 40 year gap and there is another one that is 10 years before you reach the next level . Can have anlict impact on the speed, or lack thereof, in terms of progress. A lot of it is about what the conflict is and whether you have a large
Group Fighting<\/a> together. There is a big divide among
Public Perception<\/a> for vietnam. Perception, you dont see that in world war ii. Divided then how publics attention is among different issues. This is why we tend to talk about the
Civil Rights Union<\/a> movement as separate from the womens and gay and lesbian movements. There were all these different movements. There were a
Common Thread<\/a> throughout each of them. They can help each other move forward to prevent some of those longer gaps that you mentioned. Our is why wanted to start week talking about the 60s. Focusing in on black womens experience in the activist movements. They are that bridge between the
Civil Rights Movement<\/a> and the womens liberation movement. Their experiences are unique in comparison. I do think conflicts can have an impact on how long it takes us to get to wherever that next step is. On lawrence question . This will make a good bridge into wednesday. It will give me time between now and wednesday to think if there is another time. In history, that you can think fashion, beauty, the physicality, had such a strong anyct on societal issues . Other questions . We will wrap for today. [captions
Copyright National<\/a> cable satellite corp. 2019] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you can watch lectures in history every weekend on
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Charles Murray<\/a> on campus. At the end of your discussion, you let that room and went where . I dont really remember. Not even tell you which door we went out of. The hallaken out of and converted this mob of angry people. Some were wearing masks. They were shoving and jostling. Their target was
Charles Murray<\/a>. Sunday night at 8 00 p. M. Eastern, on cspans q a. Next, two scientists involved in the
Apollo Program<\/a> talk about the science of operating on the moons surface and delve into some of the discoveries from the literary experiments and samples gathered during the missions. This discussion was part of an event hosted by
Space Center Houston<\/a> to mark apollo 11s 50th anniversary. Good afternoon everyone. It is noon in houston and it is time for an interesting panel. We are pleased you are here. Are celebrating the 50th anniversary of the first human landing on the moon by apollo 11. An exciting time to be here. Applaud. It is worth it. [applause] its an exciting time to be here as we connect with our past and look forward to what may be coming in the future in human spaceflight","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"archive.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":"800","height":"600","url":"\/\/ia903005.us.archive.org\/20\/items\/CSPAN3_20190811_000000_Lectures_in_History_Gender__1960s_Activism\/CSPAN3_20190811_000000_Lectures_in_History_Gender__1960s_Activism.thumbs\/CSPAN3_20190811_000000_Lectures_in_History_Gender__1960s_Activism_000001.jpg"}},"autauthor":{"@type":"Organization"},"author":{"sameAs":"archive.org","name":"archive.org"}}],"coverageEndTime":"20240716T12:35:10+00:00"}