Oh, freedom and we wont be afraid ill be buried in my grave and go home to my lord and be free all right freedom, freedom and we wont be afraid ill be buried in my grave and go home to my lord and be free what are we marching for . Freedom. All right freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home [singing] freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home freedom, Freedom Freedom come and i want to go home [singing] oh, freedom, my lord i will be free we shall overcome [singing] those young people singing the anthem of the American Revolution of 1963 were freedom riders. They were part of the pattern developed in this revolution, a pattern fashioned by events, more than events fashioned to a pattern. Along the way, the negro not only evolved the freedom ride, but also the sit in. It involved a federal boycott, involved the use of federal troops, kill and been killed, we are about to see them all. As we see them, we will also see the growing participation of young whites in the battle. And they have taken part in increasing numbers, particularly in sit in demonstrations. It was a tactic employed by new students inlege greensboro, north carolina. On february 1, 1960, a group of freshman from greensboros allnegro agricultural college, they wrote a new page of southern history. Ignoring the ancient barriers, they seated themselves at a segregated lunch counter. They were refused service. They were asked to leave, but they just sat on studying their textbooks. The police came and took them off to jail. The lunch counter was closed, the seats roped off, but the rebellious child flourished. Inew days later, the sit inement had taken firm root nashville, tennessee. It was to become more than just a hopeful stirring in the collective negro breast. The students gave it both impetus an organization. The signs of segregation hung all over the city, a constant provocation to the students of fisk and every other negro. The attitude of the segregationminded whites could not have been stated more blatantly. Im sorry. Im management. Thats not allowed, we are not allowed to serve niggers in here. I went to the south, and on this particular night, they were having a roleplay, and in some of the scenes, we almost cried. [indiscernible shouting and jeering] with such training as this to bolster their dedication, the sit in movement became one of the negroes most effective weapons. The pattern left its mark on the entire south. Everywhere, the negroes were on the march. Mississippi this year, a sit in group of whites as well as negroes faced violence. [indiscernible shouting] one negro student was dragged from his stool and brutally beaten. [indiscernible shouting] move on, move on, move on norman, who had offered no resistance, was arrested. The sitters, white and negro, spattered with ketchup and mustard, sugar, salt, and pepper were carted off to jail. Every society based on slavery , from greece to the american south, lived in fear of slave insurrections, and they occurred. Spartacus lead i before the birth of christ. And 18 centuries later, nat turner led one. Both died for their efforts. The american slave has long since been freed, and in his descendentsquest, there has rarely been violence. But the potential is there and hangs as ominously over the nation today as ever at home on the plantation yesterday. A major stronghold of the black muslims. For more on that story, here is nbc reporter bob teague. According to the muslims, the white man is the devil, the source of all evil. He hates black men, and black men should hate him in return. Ofse are the basic teachings elijah mohammed, the muslim prophet. He also teaches his followers, about 7000 all told, that christianity has failed black men. The American Government has failed black men. The muslim solution a separate black faith. Right after world war i, a negro leader named Marcus Garvey organized an illfated Campaign Based on the same principles. One of many men who opposed the movement, philip randolph, recalls conditions that led hundreds of thousands of negroes to join the garvey parade. They had come out of the war where they had fought and died and come into the southern communities, where they met a violent racial discrimination. Many soldiers were the victims of police brutality. Some were lynched. Therefore, there was widespread frustration and discord and discontent among negroes. Garvey came along with his doctrine of back to africa, and he painted glowing pictures of what negroes could do, where theyere they w were to migrate to africa. How they could build Great Enterprises and things of that sort, and this sparked the interest and imagination of the negroes. Many of them flocked into the garvey movement. The black muslims say theres been little change in the racial picture since garveys days. At a recent muslim rally, their number one spokesman, malcolm x, said their main changes have been brought about not by whites, not by integration groups, but by elijah muhammad. The question is how does muhammad go about helping negroes . Free you from anything. You find a negro drunk, he doesnt know the truth. On find a new grow negro dope, he doesnt know the truth. Negroes get drunk because they see white people get drunk. They Smoke Cigarettes because they see white people Smoke Cigarettes. They want to be like the white man, so they copy his immoral and social habits. Then muhammad comes along and teaches black people the glory of blacks. Instead of the black man imitating the white man, he tries to be himself. He tries to display high moral qualities rather than the low moral qualities. It is feared by some whites that the muslims advocate violence, but thats not exactly the case. They say they dont believe in starting a fight, but if white men mistreat them, they will not turn the other cheek. That brand of militancy has forced other negro leaders to become more aggressive. It is the implied threat of increasing muslim power that makes some whites more willing to negotiate with the socalled moderate groups. To that extent, the black muslims are making a major contribution to the drive for equal rights. There are several organizations emphasizing several methods of attack and at times competing for leadership of the revolution. The National Association for the advancement of colored people, born when this century was 10 years old, took what it called a renewed struggle for civil and political liberty into the courts. The southern christian leadership conference, born of a bus boycott in comer, alabama, nearly half a century later, took its call for all here and now into the streets. The congress of student equality originated and pressed the freedom rides. But as the movement has mushroomed, its methods have merged and led to largescale demonstrations that include children against a spectrum of targets. The tactic is called a Massive Campaign of direct access. Direct action. Sometimes the campaign strains its limited policy of nonviolence, and sometimes it exacts from its leaders the highest price death. It happened in jackson, mississippi. Shortly after midnight on june 12, medgar evers stepped into his car on his driveway. He was silhouetted against the carport light behind him. A shot from a highpowered rifle shattered the nighttime solace. Evers fell, fatally wounded. He was 37. He had been field secretary of the naacp mississippi for nine difficult years. Dont shop for anything on castle street. Lets let the merchants down on capitol street feel the economic pinch. Let me say this to you i had one merchant to call me, and he said, i want you to know that i talked to my National Office today, and they want me to tell you that we dont need nigger business. These are stores that help to support the White Citizens Council, a council dedicated to keeping you and i secondclass citizens. So let us not trade at these stores. Lets urge our friends, our relatives, our neighbors not to trade at these stores. Finally, ladies and gentlemen, and this is final, we will be demonstrating here until freedom comes to negroes here in jackson, mississippi. [applause] openedate may, evers had a fullscale Action Campaign against the segregation of the city. The movement lacked mass support from the citys 50,000 negroes. Sit in demonstrators at a lunch counter were doused with mustard and ketchup the first day. And twodemonstrator negroes would be arrested. Jackson police use this violence as justification for arrests during later demonstrations. They occasionally club demonstrators and used a variety of tactics designed to break their spirit. Negro prison buses were often used to carry protesters into paddy wagons. Teenagers arrested during one protest march were loaded into new garbage trucks and taken to a makeshift compound set up at the state fair ground. The city had converted fair buildings into temporary prisons before, during the freedom rides. They had confidence in the facility to contained demonstrations. The executive secretary of the naacp joined evers on a picket line one saturday afternoon. They were promptly arrested. A state Court Injunction against demonstrations followed, but did not stop the disaggregation campaign. Then evers was murdered. Desegregation campaign. Then evers was murdered. The fatal bullet was fired from a vacant lot across the street from evers home, crashing through his body through the window of his home. Evers had considered himself a soldier for the cause of human rights and said he was ready to die for that cause. He died a soldiers death. As a veteran of world war ii, he was buried in Arlington National cemetery. The killing forged a new unity against jackson between jackson negroes and set off a new wave of mass demonstrations. The following saturday, thousands of mourners, including civil rights leaders from all over the country, marched in the funeral procession. After a peaceful march, the tension rising since evers murder reached the point of explosion. A crowd of negroes charged wildly toward the main streets, yelling and shouting. Ity police, backed by state troopers, cut them off, and then negroes threw rocks and bottles at police. More Serious Violence was averted when a civil rights attorney walked in and calmed the crowd. Three days later, the mayor announced a settlement ending the demonstrations. This is not a matter of the white people in the city of jackson winning or the negroes in the city of jackson winning. It is a matter of two races living sidebyside, working out a peaceful solution to every problem that is presented. Young militants were not at all pleased. The city agreed to hire negro policeman and School Crossing guards for negro districts. And upgrade some negro city workers. It was in effect a jim crow settlement that did not crack jacksons racial barriers. An intense investigation into the murder by local police and the fbi led eventually to a 42yearold fertilizer salesman from greenwood. The hardcore segregationist was charged with evers murder. The Jackson Movement is now concentrating on a Voter Registration drive and the boycott of white businessmen. Standing against them where the are the segregationists, who have the best organized force in the city and in the state. They are dedicated to maintaining mississippis monolithic social and political structure. Their influence spreads to all levels of government. The voices of moderation are stifled here, even afraid. The danger is that between the new negro determination and the old white resistance lies enormous potential for violent conflict. Jackson, seat of the opposition, is also a member of his is the citizen council. Wj simmons evaluated the revolution for this report. I thank you. Progress on the revolution has increased at a geometric rate in the last two months, particularly since the negro leaders themselves have displaced white liberals in charge of the power movement. This grew out of politics and was adopted by the negro leaders at a summit last thanksgiving where the entire Negro Movement in the United States was identified with the movement for african nationalism in africa. This is a development of extreme significance, i think, because it opens up the possibility for nonwhite domination of the United States through three means. One, through the mechanism of the united nations. Two, through the kennedy administrations increasing tendencies of our national sovereignty, and three, through mass integration, which is favored by colored elements in our country. Under segregation, there was no such disturbance as this, and this is not entirely unreasonable because these people have found through the encouragement of the president and attorney general that it pays to get out in the streets and demonstrate and carry on, and i would predict that if the civil rights bills pass, that will mean further, more violent demonstrations. The whole thing is and its a great pity that this entire Integration Movement is based on false legal grounds. The grounds being the socalled Supreme Court school decision. In a similar case in savannah, georgia, which was decided recently, uncontradicted, undisputed testimony showed that the basis of the Supreme Court decision was entirely wrong. The outcome of all this i think is to hasten a showdown as to if the United States will remain a predominantly white nation or if it will become increasingly africanized. Murder, the willful and wanton destruction of human life, has been rare in this revolution, but threats against life have been numberless, and the negro who knows the history of this country cannot dismiss that lightly. Between 1889 and 1959, 3819 negroes were lynched in america. During which Time Congress has steadfastly refused to pass an antilynching law. We have none now. A white man who freely acknowledged a history of Mental Illness set out to walk from chattanooga, tennessee, to jackson, mississippi, where he hoped to persuade the government to alter his racial stance. He made it to alabama where a white man shot him dead. Freeon, father of six, is on bond after being charged with murder. No date is set for his trial. In june, a negro killed a white man. That happened in lexington, north carolina. The victim died on the way to the hospital. At 24yearold auto mechanic, who, like hundreds of others in lexington that june night, had been caught up in an emotional storm. Rioting had broken out at the edge of the white and negro sections, apparently stemming from attempts of a small negro group to enter restaurants. 500 whites faced the negro. Lines surged, rocks were hurled and shots fired from the negro side. Fred leach fell to the street. Another man was wounded but not seriously. Eventually, three of the negroes, 18 to 21 years of age, were charged with the killing. They will stand trial in october. The most tragic fact leach apparently was only an innocent bystander. A man who found his destiny suddenly tied to the fury of the mob. It was the violence of a mob in yet another American City that some six years earlier had the mob had developed an additional weapon in the battle federal intervention. It was that that placed racial tensions on the front page of every newspaper in the capital. The city of course was, little rock. The reporter was and is herbert cavanaugh. Little rock was an unlikely place for a federal state showdown tied to segregation. There had already been some desegregation in the states and the governor was not considered a man devoted to desegregation, but circumstances got out of control and Central High School became the pivot in this federalstate struggle. I remember the night of september 24, 1957, when the first battledragged army troops arrived on this street. It was a scene income principle to the 50 or so townspeople looking on. One man turned to a companion and said, you wont get many people to full around with those fool around with those guys, which fronted the response, yeah, but its a hell of a way to run the School President eisenhower sent in the troops of the 101st airborne. State and local police were unable that day before to control the mob, which reacted in bitter violence on learning nine negroes had entered the school as students. A couple of weeks earlier, state militia militia had barred the negroes from the school. The nine negroes went in but were asked to leave three hours later in a move to soothe the mob. Troops of the 101st airborne, a perimeter was established around the school, beyond which we could not go. It was, i remember, quiet. Im not sure most of us had yet absorbed historic scope of this moment. At 9 20 five, with a military escort party still in a strange quiet, six negro girls, three negro boys went inside. An hour later after a few onlookers ignored requests to move on, troops dispersed them. One was struck, another nicked by a bayonet. The next night, a broadcast of the condemnation of what he considered a military occupation. We are now in occupied territory. Evidence of the naked force of the federal government is here apparent in the bayonet in the backs of schoolgirls. And in the bloody face of a worker who was bayoneted and then felled by the butt of a rifle at the hands of the United States and its 101st air force division. There are now 36 negroes going to Central High School, altogether 126 going to school in little rock on a disaggregated basis. This is a little less than 2 of all negro students. Elsewhere, there has been voluntary desegregation of Department Stores in the ci