The American Revolution of 63. Correspondentws frank mcgee. Frank there comes a time in the affairs of men when they sense their lives are being altered forever. An old order is dying and a new one being born. That comes sooner for some, and others later. For some, the moment arrives when a deed of new dimensions set the hour apart. For others, when familiar words are spoken more sharply. Later but still suddenly men are saying things and doing things they have never said or done before. Then we know we are experiencing a revolution. We cannot say, the historians will try, when it began. We know autumn does not begin with the turning of the leaves, but earlier on some forgotten afternoon when a shadow passed over the field. Revolution began in birmingham or did begin in 1955 in montgomery . In 1954 with the Supreme Court decision . In 1863 with a president ial proclamation . Some roots reach back to 1776 to an independence declaration, 52. Back to the year the American Revolution began in all those years. Those generations passed along to this one a restless vision that sometimes ends, but moves forever toward freedom for all men. Our purpose is to define this revolution. We propose to show how it began. The course of this following has many tributaries and effects. We shall take the next three hours to do this. We have established no rigid form for doing this. Revolutions do not fit easily to standard containers. We should begin by beginning. Confident any strand in a fabric still being woven will ultimately cross all other strands. Inin albany, georgia and hundreds of other seven communities the church is the privilege to sanctuary. This little light of mine, i am going to let it shine, let it ine, let it shine [clapping] im going to let it shine, let it shine, let it shine i am going to let it shine, let it shine, let it shine music has long been used as an expression of protest. 1961 albanyof became a prime target. Most other communities in this area were recognized as tougher groes than this steady. Freedom edom a ban on demonstrations has brought more than 1500 arrests of desegregationi sts. Albany cameutside ministers and rabbis to in streette an prayer. We offer our prayers to god. What is your purpose . Our purpose is to offer our prayers to god. I am you to disperse. Go your normal way. Go back to your normal places of livin livelihood. Preach to your own congregation. Before you come here and try and convert us. Name of the the lord. This time and forever more. Amen. The clergyman like other demonstrators were arrested and his albany became a bigger National Story city officials totinued and the refusal negro. Ate with any i find it inexplicable why they will not sit down with the and attemptalbany to secure them in a peaceful way. The United States government is sitting down with the soviet union. I cannot understand why albany cannot do the same for american citizens. The otherwise quiet georgia city of 37,000 rights and 23,000 gros came to a fight. Are disappointed with the commission and the refusal to talk with leaders of their own movement. We see something developing in this community which is one of the most significant develop in the civil rights struggle. In the next few months we will be able to see changes in this community that will completely change it in terms of desegregation, in terms of new levels of communication. What has resulted from the more than 1500 arrests . Hardly anything as the negro leaders can see. Retaliation against the what jurorho voted light who voted against them. There has been no Biracial Committee formed, no desegregation of stores in spite of boycotts, there are no demonstrations in albany. There are meetings every monday night, but little else. Of police says it will not be long until albany is back to normal. One thing did come out of albany for the negros. Martin luther king learned the lessons of failure and did not his nextha in foray, birmingham. Agok more than 100 years an old woman sat rocking on her front porch in missouri and spat out these words of all the things in this world i hate slavery the most, except abolitionists. The scourge of the south and bane of the north spread what many staunch union men considered pernicious views. Seed bed was amherst, massachusetts. Buildings, trees ancient and gnarled stand guard over 100 members. There is a doorway known to students dead now for a century and a half. Here is henry ward beecher, pastor of the Plymouth Church in brooklyn. Printing theliberato a newspaper. He was shot half the country by auctioning a slave girl from the pulpit of his church. A stirring protest. There was Horace Greeley of new york. He hated slavery and the tyranny of delay. Today. Nd are ours result and security belong to god. Julia howe would be singing among the rows, when the terrible swift lightning came. Each protesting slavery. Here is how it started. Africa, a tribesman properly subdued and branded but a better price than rice. The first slaves were landed in the colonies in 1619. Brought across in boats packed like cargo, disease and death constant companions. They said those who knew said you could smell a slaver before you can see it. And this, the children of their children, name and age unknown. The price . That was a thing of supply and demand. 5, a tuesday on magazine street in new orleans. 41 slaves sold to the highest bidder. Lewis, a black man, 32 years old, a good field hand. Aelley, 26, wesley lightcolored man, anderson a 24yearold bricklayer bought the top price. It was the same into amsterdam and inland cities. The women made good service, but the babies could do nothing useful. Not for a long time. Sometimes they were not made part of the bargain. Simply rice, rum, it was a matter of business. Or so they said. The peculiar institution was argued and debated, attacked and defended, but it was there. Some streets were different. Events might have happened differently as those against slavery most one in the beginning. By the end of the revolutionary war it was acknowledged slavery was not only immoral, but economically unwise. You could not fire a slave. He had to be fed and clothed. The system was dying out. It might have died out completely but for this man. He was not an evil man. His name is eli whitney. Device toe created a separate cotton seeds from the fiber. It was brilliantly simple. A girl could do the work of men. 10 men could replace 100. Suddenly, cotton became the main crop of the south. Cotton replacing rice, and sorghum. Cotton for the mills of new england, whose hunger seemed to grow by what it fed on. Spindles that formed a stark mandate landscape that seemed to stretch to the horizon. The sparks fell on every state in the union. This opened up a demands for civil rights in the northeast and west. Now, this is a national thing and we are part of it. Now there is no question of national involvement. Frank for nearly a decade after the Supreme Court ended segregation ended in schools, the United States witnessed and even became accustomed to a right. The enrollment of negro students in previously allwhite schools. Sometimes it was enacted against a background of band nets. Sometimes it occurred peacefully, but many thought the negro was making progress. It was not until the spring of this year, 1963, that this was shattered. Aroused but not fully wakened, most were baffled by the new character of this problem. Schools were no longer the prime target. In baltimore it was an amusement park. Ministers of all faith were arrested for joining negros in trespassing and segregated grant. Federal court orders were no longer the primary. Negros were invoking the constitution. Negotiations did not halt demonstrations. Causegro had spilled his into the street and the movement ams and became a revolution. Water from highpressure fire hoses sent negros sprawling among the trees just a few blocks from downtown birmingham. Police also used dogs, motorcycles, even an armored car to break up mobs and throw rocks around the area. The violent outburst came during the final days of a five week Long Campaign of demonstration against Racial Discrimination in birmingham. The campaign was directed as an reverend Martin Luther king jr. Behind me is the 16th street baptist church, the main stage for the demonstration. On good friday i watched dr. King leading march further into the park. The Police Commissioner ordered his arrest. These two men play principal roles in the drama of birmingham. [shouting] be quiet [police whistles] the use of nonviolent direct action achieved Immediate Progress along the middle road between extremism and complacency. Symbolized the forces of White Supremacy and the director was out of office. Police generally handle these with restraint, but dwindling patients. A new dimension was added. The use of schoolchildren. The students cut classes and took to the streets following dr. Kings tactics of going to jail to dramatize the protest against segregation. Unlike albany the supply of recruits for the nonviolent army was unlimited. Of the 350,000 people in birmingham 40 are negros. May 2nd. Arrested the demonstrations attracted huge crowds of adult onlookers, negros were not trained in the principles of nonviolence. Sawsupercharged atmosphere flaring violence. On,police turned hoses police dogs were brought in to disperse shouting negros. They had also been used on white crowds three years ago. Water hose spraying] negros through rocks and bottles at police. For the next five days ryans and your rights swept through nearpart riots and riots swept through this part. Wouldaders accepted there be no let up in demonstrations. It had aroused bitterness and frustration among the negro community. The police represented the White Authority which had held him down. The resentment came to the surface in a violent outburst. In five days 2500 negros were arrested. They fill the jails and other detention corridors and what dr. King called fulfillment of a dream. The head of the Justice Department, bert marshall, was sent to birmingham to try and regenerate stop negotiations going on behind the scenes. Governor George Wallace and state troopers tried to subdue racial turbulence. 10th,ttlement came on may or segregation within 90 days downtown, better Job Opportunities and creation of a Biracial Committee. The demonstrations and the boycott of downtown birmingham, which had caused businesses severe losses, were called off. And sparked a wave of demonstrations elsewhere. The trouble here was not over. The atmosphere was thick with hatred. Extremists thought the city had been sold out. Negotiators refused to make any public. The day after the announcement the home of dr. Kings brother was bombed. They provoked and enriched actions from negros. They went on a rampage 39 block area, smashing store windows, slashing tires, burning shops and buildings, and bombarding police and firemen with anything they can find to throw. Negro leaders appealed for order. It went unchecked into the earlymorning of mothers day. President kennedy ordered federal troops to base in birmingham. On monday, police sealed off a 28 block area. They cared shotguns. The next day dr. King carried his nonviolence message. The violence has not ended. A desegregated Department Store was to guest. The new mayor was also threatened. Hadhome of a negro attorney been used with dynamite. The Biracial Committee is in the process of getting organized. Meanwhile, crisis looms on september 4th, the first desegregation in public schools. The city is determined to maintain order. Birminghams racial troubles have not run their course. Today on thements American Revolution eugene comments today on the American Revolution. The Negro Movement is not a revolution. Civilization the icksrdowells and beat have aligned themselves against the able. Sometimes this is quickly executed. Witness the french revolution. Coup and the chinese takeover of 1946. In the United States this contest is being waged at the ballot box. Weginally in our country, educated people to vote and then the contest began. Educational qualifications were overlooked. Vote tax was eliminated. Now the Negro Population is being poured into the ballot box to further dilute its quality so that our country will not be run by its brains. Those concerned primarily with being fed and clothed by the government. This is the attempted takeover indolent, ignorant, and some religious bleeding hearts and being led by the politicians who stay in office by appealing to the most votes. May 1963, four months ago and the federal government was still working largely behind the scenes to arrange or nurture the first hesitant and suspicious contact between negro and white leaders. Hoping to achieve voluntary solutions. In birmingham it was achieved with white business leaders. Another truce was achieved with political leaders in cambridge, maryland. Name of the main street in cambridge, maryland symbolizes the gulf between negros and whites in this Eastern Shore community. This main street divides the communities geographically. A Long Campaign instead of violence has driven further apart racially. The demonstrations and violence brought the Maryland National guard here in force to maintain order. The guardsmen stand watching cambridge. Desegregation campaigns were organized by the socalled cambridge nonviolent action committee. It was headed by gloria richardson, and military leader. Along the way nonviolent action became violent. Juneirst explosion came in after a long series of demonstrations, arrests, more demonstrations, more arrests, truces, stop negotiations, broken promises on both sides. Writing rock to the city rioting rocked the city. Later counter demonstrating whites were flocked by police. With the city on the verge of war governor miller ordered the National Guard into cambridge. Modified martial law, putting a , to curvecurfew on outbreaks. Negotiations started and stalled while tensions smoldered. 8th the guard was pulled out and demonstrations resumed immediately. A corner restaurant became one of the most improbable focal points of National Attention when the owner hit a demonstrator with raw eggs. Reporters talked with the owner. You saw yourself on Television Last night. A very hateful man. Argue that kind of man . Well, i would say i am an ordinary american who feels he had a right to defend his livelihood. I would hope it would never happen again. I would rather go out of business that participate in anything like this again. Frank violence flared after a meeting at the court has. Shots were fired by snipers in the dark. The mood of the city was one of anger on both sides. Thinking we are begging them for something. We are not begging for nothing. [cheering and applause] we are letting them know we are not turning around. Like that song jim sang, we mean that. We will never turn back. Town, butn come in people cannot go out there. That is all i have got to say. The newspapers and tv cameras are onesided. They print what they want to print on the other cited town on pine street. Chatter]ct the blacks are on tv afte every night. Frank the curfew was stricter this time. Demonstrations are prohibited. Closed at will be 7 00 p. M. Curfew at 9 00 p. M. Please obey the curfew. We are meeting with the attorney general of the United States. Please. Obey the curfew, frank they used teargas to break up another protest and even guards became the targets of the snipers. The violence even reached the white house. Refused thennedy protesters for losing sight of their goal. On july 23rd, after long hours of hard bargaining directed by attorney general robert kennedy, it called for completion of desegregation in public schools, formation of a Biracial Committee, construction of a federal sponsored housing project, i negro interviewer, amendment for public segregation. The amendment must go to a public referendum next month. Whites outnumber negros. If the amendment fails in the city offers an alternative, the negros may once again take protests to the street. Cambridge has not been a model of how to settle a racial problem. The solution to a local problem was engineered in washington. If there has been a Positive Side of, the story it may be the other Eastern Shore communities have a chance to find a peaceful solution. Frank some southern cities found a solution even earlier. Charlotte, North Carolina integrated hotels and motels, theaters and restaurants, buses, libraries, swimming pools, hospitals, and churches. But cambridge was more turbulent. President kennedy sent a catalog of civil rights proposals to congress in june while negro leaders were being asked what is it your people want . The answer depends in part on where the people are. In the south, the immediate goal was equal service for places doing business. These might be called Consumer Rights as easy as civil rights. They wanted the vote and education. In the north the negro has Consumer Rights and the vote, but he joins in the demand for an education. His goals reach beyond Public Benefits to private advancements, jobs and housing. The north is guilty of assuming more superiority over the south because the north allows Public Benefits. But when the negro attempts private advancement, the selfrighteousness of the north is exposed. It is evident everywhere. Three times in 12 years it has led violence in chicago. The englewood di