Seek meaning and transformation. It alienates them in certain ways. So, bell is writing in 1960 that theres this ongoing problem of alienation, of a lack of full illment. And the parameters there, when we move from the realm of formal politics, political parties, political philosophy into the world of personal politics and personal experience, i think will also be reflected in our discussions in the second half of the semester. Sound good . All right. Well, i look forward to those conversations in a couple of weeks. Have a good spring break. Youre watching American History tv. Every weekend on cspan3, explore our nations past. Cspan3, created by americas Cable Television companies as a Public Service and brought to you today by your television provider. Weeknights this month, were featuring American History tv programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan3. Tonight, San Diego StateUniversity Professor lectures on the vietnam war. He looks at the conflict from u. S. Military escalation in 1965 to the fall of saigon 10 years later and the competing interests of the americans, chinese and soviets in the region. Watch tonight beginning at 8 00 eastern. Enjoy American History tv this week and every weekend on cspan3. American history tv on cspan3, exploring the people and events that tell the american story every weekend. Coming up this Labor Day Weekend, saturday at 6 00 p. M. Eastern on the civil war, historians kevin levin and Hillary Greene discuss how we remember the civil war and whether to remove or contextualize confederate monuments. Sunday at 6 00 p. M. Eastern, well preview photographs of native americans from the smithsonian collection. At 8 00 p. M. On the presidency a look at president ial retreats including abraham lincolns summer cottage, herbert hoovers fishing camp, and stories of marthas vineyard. Monday night, august marked the 75th anniversary of the bombings of hiroshima and nagasaki. Look back at the events that led to the bombing and their legacy with author ian toll and president s grandson. Watch American History tv this Labor Day Weekend on cspan3. The new York State Republican Convention is attended by a former Vice PresidentRichard Nixon and governor as they help choose a senatorial candidate. Also on hand, his one time president ial candidate thomas dewey. Before nominations are called before, the convention plead for unity. She wants to run as a conservative, but withdrew to throw her support to senator keating. Senator keating has refused to endorse the goldwater ticket but new york state republicans nominate him. New york race has drawn national interest. Opposing mr. Keating is a famous name. When the democrats meet at convention the next day, the support is for the nomination, stage a demonstration. They are swamped by the forces bhiepd the candy of the attorney general robert f. Kennedy. There have been cries of carpet bagger for mr. Kennedy took up residents in new york to run. And the mayor introduces the candidate to the commission. And outlander to republicans and a political giant to democrats, mr. Kennedy begins a campaign that will be watched from coast to coast. Up next on lectures in history, catholic University Professor and former cia historian Nicolas Dujmovic teaches about the bay of pigs, the cuban missile crisis, and other covert operations during the cold war. His class is just over an hour. In this introductory course, were continuing our Historical Survey of american intelligence under each president ial administration. And now weve come to the presidency of john f. Kennedy. January 1961 to november 1963, kennedy was a former naval office e so he thought he knew something of intelligence. He also was a big fan of the james bond novels written by ian fleming. Ive pictured him with his Brother Robert kennedy because the brothers together had great influence on u. S. Intelligence. Theres a lot to say about u. S. Intelligence under kennedy even though he served less than a full term because of course he was assassinated by a procuban american leftist, a disturbed former marine named lee harvey oswald. At the end ill have reflections of the assassination. Before we get to the main events of the administration, i want to mention a couple of other developments that are not spectacular but deserve to be remembered as important milestones in u. S. Intelligence legacy. One of them is the president s daily brief which was created for kennedy as the president s intelligence checklist. When i first came to cia in 1990, i was i learned that one of the nicknames that insiders used was the pickle factory. They never used the company, but they used the term the pickle factory. I couldnt figure out what it was until i heard of a cia. I heard of the pickle, the president s intelligence checklist. It was renamed the president s daily brief. Every president has used it and most have benefitted from it. It was new in the sense that well, i mean, president truman started the tradition of cia presenting to him a daily intelligence summary. But the pickle and later the pdb, was the first specifically president ial product that was tailored to the president s agenda, his style and his interests, with extremely limited distribution. So, this was a major intelligence legacy from the Kennedy Administration. Another very Important Development was the creation of the Defense Intelligence agency in october of 1961, further expanding this constellation of agencies we know as the intelligence community. As weve learned in previous class that Community Around the time of the end of world war ii, the state department, fbi, and the Military Branch intelligence organizations and then with cias creation, cia becomes central to the community. President truman added the National Security agency in 1952. President eisenhower added the National Reconnaissance office to coordinate cia and air force activities regarding imagery from spy planes and satellites coming online. Under kennedy, the Defense Department gets its own Intelligence Agency. Dia today is a Major National agency of the u. S. Intelligence community. As weve discussed doing important work in human intelligence and also specialized technical intelligence. So, i got those Important Developments out of the way, and i want to focus on the two biggest intelligence subjects of the Kennedy Administration, which often are the two major historical episodes that people remember from this period. The bay of pigs fiasco and the cuban missile crisis. So, we have a fiasco and we have a crisis. And theyre both big problems. What they have in common is obviously cuba. Otherwise, they are vastly different kinds of problems. The bay of pigs fiasco was a cia covert paramilitary operation, specifically regime change operation that went very badly. The cuban missile crisis, by contrast, was a confrontation of super powers, the United States and ussr over Nuclear Weapons. What the two big problems have in common, other than cuba, is that both, largely, were the result of shortcomings in american intelligence. In both situations, bad intelligence analysis was at work. The bay of pigs operation was an example of faulty covert Action Planning, to be sure, but that includes some seriously flawed analysis as well see. Likewise, the cuban missile crisis begins with bad analysis. But in the context of intelligence collection, both human and technical. In both situations, the intelligence shortcomings were made worse by executive decisions, by policy makers. And the two crises also are alike in that the ic learned a lot from the mistakes of them both. So, lets turn to the bay of pigs. Revolutionary leader fidel castro turned his insurgency against the cuban dictator bautista into a government when he ousted the dictator in early 1959. This is during the the Eisenhower Administration. Were dropping back a bit for context. Castro quickly declared himself a communist, aligned with the cove yet union. And this presented to the Eisenhower Administration a more dire situation than what they faced in guatemala a few years before. Eisenhower wanted something done about castro. The cia proposed cokrert action to destabilize the cuban economy. Eisenhower said he wanted something more drastic. Historians disagree on whether eisenhower meant that cia should assassinate castro. To cia officials at the time, eisenhower who would clearly not use words out loud like assassinate and murder it was clear to the officials that eisenhower wanted castro removed from the scene by whatever means necessary, just as they believe that eisenhower had expressed the desire that an african leader be removed, killed if necessary, to prevent the congo from going communist. Theres no smoking gun on either, on whether eisenhower really wanted them assassinated. Now, eisenhower was concerned about castro for the same reasons he had authorized cia to topple the elected government of guatemala in 1954. He believed that once communism was established in the western hemisphere, it would spread by sovietsupported subversion and revolution. And this is what history teaches us. This is what communist governments do. I did my dissertation on the revolutionary government of grenada, 1979 and 1983. There you have the communist grenadians being helped by the communist cubans in order to spread communist revolution to other island nations in the caribbean. That example from the 80s shows that in the 1950s, eisenhower was on to something. He was right. This was a threat. Eisenhower planned covert action to remove castro from power. I want to remind you of our discussions in this class about covert action as an intelligence function. The purpose of covert action is to influence Political Economic military conditions abroad in a way, in such a way, that the hand of the United States is not apparent, the involvement of the u. S. Government is not evident to people or it can be denied, plausibly denied. The original cia plan for cuba under eisenhower was to infiltrate some 30 cuban agents, cia trained agents, to create resistance groups within cuba. I think someone noticed that cuba is a real big place. It doesnt really stretch from washington past chicago. Its obviously located south of florida, but you can see how big it is here. And so the plan quickly grew from 30 to about 500 ciatrained cuban exiles would infiltrate the country and link up with the anticastro forces that were believed to be operating in cuba. Cia propaganda efforts including a clandestine station would help build internal cuban support for opposing castro. And this is where it helps to have a knowledge of history, even when youre planning a covert action. Essentially, cia was using the example of its predecessor, the office of strategic service, oss, sending agents into nazioccupied france, where the population didnt like the nazis and was willing to take risks to support these commandos, these covert operatives. Cia remembered that and remembered the positive aspects of the 1954 guatemala operation. And in your reading, professor Christopher Andrew points out that eisenhower and the cia ignored other relevant historical precedence, including the negative lessons of guatemala. Guatema guatemala barely succeeded even against a weak and hapless government that basically lost its nerve and allowed a success for covert action hike operation in indonesia, where the people that we were helping in their military rebellions turned out to be weak and ineffectual. To i would add that they also ignored the lessons of many covert action operations involving the insertion of ethnic agent teams trained by cia into places like china and the ussr. Put these showed, if somebody had been paying attention, these showed that fully three quarters of these teams were caught. Paul the principle was established but not really acted on that you are going to lose three quarters of your penetration agents if you send them into denied areas. And they also demonstrated that the estimates of local opposition to communists was usually overinflated. Paul cia started infiltrating and by the way, on the bottom right there, those are cia trained tibetan commandoes getting ready for an air lift into chinese occupied to bet. The cia started infiltrating a few cuban agents into cuba and soon found out that there really wasnt an underground resistance and most of their penetration agents were caught, which again, history might have taught them, if they had been paying attention to it. The instead of recalculating the or rethinking the whole plan, the cia shifted its plan instead to an Amphibious Landing of some 700. Notice the mission creep. We start with 30, 500, now are up to 700 trained cuban exiles that we are going to land by Landing Craft and paratrooper penetrations, establish a beach head, relocate to the mountains, become a resistance force, attract anti Castro Cubans, the clear themselves to be the legitimate government of cuba and wait for u. S. Support. Part sounds pretty neat. As the planning went on, towards the end of the Eisenhower Administration, the force kept getting bigger. In the planning the. To ensure that when the landing happened, they could actually seize and hold the beach head. When kennedy came into office in january 1961, he planned cuban invasion force at double to about 1500. The panthers, 500, 700, 1500. They would be supported by a rebel air force, again, trained cuban exiles. Pilots of b 26 bombers which were in the cuban inventory. Park he the cia had its own be 26 is that were painted to look like human air force bombers. The story would be that they were Cuban Air Force who had defected and joined the rebellion that. The cuban forces were trained in bases in nicaragua and guatemala. The evasion was planned the originally, can i saw the cia declassified documents, this was the preferred plan, to land at the beach in trinidad. This is considered an anti castro town. Looking for that local support. It had a good port, it had a defensible beach with good maritime approaches. It was close to the mountains. Put the key mistake in planning for this covert action was that for Operational Security, the cias own intelligence analysts were put kept in the dark. The experts on the current experts on the state of cuba had no input. The director of operations did its own analysis that and based. Its optimistic assessments of internal cuban resistance on the initial opposition to castor when he came to power in 1959. Its two years later, and the analysts of the directorate of intelligence, the dni analysts, could have told the d oh the things have changed. That castro had a lot more support. That the internal security was ruthlessly efficient. And that there was essentially no opposition to him. Pat even the Deputy Director for intelligence, the head of the Analytic Branch put, was not informed. He knew what was going on, but he was not consulted, even though he personally had participated in the Pacific Campaign of world war ii and more than two dozen Amphibious Landings that of the scale that a lot more than. The u. S. Marine that they had brought in to plan the operation, colonel jack hawkins. He and all of his analysts were simply cut out for security reasons. Some security. This is a january 10th, 1961 front page above the fold New York Times article. U. S. Help straighten anti castro forces secret Guatemalan Air ground base. Not secret anymore, the another mistake was that this covert action was no longer covert, with this kind of publicity. Human exiles now, the world knows are being trained probably by the u. S. In what a mola for an attack on cuba. Yes . inaudible various sources. When you engage in a large operation, unless you have Operational Security that is very tight, people talk. This happened with the albanian operations in the late forties, early fifties. Various other trying on chinese operations that we mounted in the early to mid 19 fifties. When you get people together they will talk. Castro knows something is up even before this. He is trying to penetrate these operations with his own people. You hire a bunch of cuban exiles, how many of them are 100 anti castro, or has castro sent one or two penetration agents in . Its good counterintelligence. Very good question. Multiple sources. And it gets worse. I will get to that. Another factor in the planning that turned out to be a mistake was the requirement that castros air force be destroyed first. That the cuban exile pilots in their cia provided b 26 is pretending to be Cuban Air Force, would have command of the year. That was a requisite, prerequisite for the success of this operation. The cia recruited some help, they recruited pilots from the Alabama National guard. To assist. There was to b