Fellow, a prestigious position. He has been using items to investigate the origins of the militaryindustrial complex through wartime and immediate postwar, meaning postworld war ii, evolution between Scientific Research, industry and National Defense. Advised congress on defense issues. I was a colleague of his at crs for several years, he did things in connection with things i knew, a whole range of things, defense production act, appropriations, and he does many more things at crs. Degree in Political Science from George Washington university, and as many of you know, he is the author of numerous reports on defense, trade and security. This project is the latest example of the work undertaken by staff fellows showcasing their knowledge and passion of their areas of expertise. Gift left byd by a the late john w kluge. Nearly 100 scholars passed through the center each year. It is our honor to have dan with us the bulk of the last year. Please join me in welcoming dan. [applause] daniel ok. Thank you very much. How is this working . All right. This is an inquiry into the evolution of what president dwight d. Eisenhower and his federal address to the nation on january 17, 1961 dubbed the militaryindustrial complex. Iketly what i meant what meant by that term has been debated ever since. Perceivedme it is a andance between the Defense Industrial base. On afically, we will focus world war ii temporary Government Agency created in 1940 and pass out of existence at the end of 1947. The office of Scientific Research and development. This year, ive been trying to answer some relatively narrow research questions. Exist, why were those who studied it considered effective, and what are the legacies and echoes of osrd that we can here today . I o a great deal of thanks to many individuals who made this possible. Scholars counsel, the then acting librarian of congress for appointing me to the position. The dedicated staff of the center itself. Fellow fellows have wanted for nothing during our stays here. They include emily, travis, anastasia, mary lou, daniela, named,who must not be the new center director, john haskell. Stars in this trauma are the fantastic resources at the library of congress itself. I wallowed in the library for a year and barely touched on its resources that are directly on my own small projects. There are the stacks and stacks of books maintained by the collections and Services Division under helena. The online catalogs that guide you through the treasures. Ournal that stretch back decades. Special mention is merited for two unique resources the most complete collection of technical reports prepared under contract to osrd, along with scientific intelligence on the european and pacific theaters of operation curated here by lawrence and his colleagues in the technical reports section. And, the personal papers collection and trusted to Jeffrey Flannery and the manuscripts division. Theirwith some help from contemporaries at president ial libraries and archivists at Harvard University and m. I. T. Provided the material for which the study from which this study has come. The holdings of the library were highlighted by an inquiry received by Marcus Lawrence for technicalic osrd report wanted by another Government Agency. If there is a central figure to the story, it is dr. Van eve or bush. Vanever bush. A professor of Electrical Engineering at m. I. T. And cofounder of the company now known as raytheon, he was a dean of the school of Electrical Engineering and the Institute Vice president before he moved to the capital at the beginning of 1938 to take up erector ship of the Carnegie Institute of washington now known as the Carnegie Institute for science. During world war ii, he was appointed as chair of the National ReportsDefense Research committee, and was later part of the research and development, and was advisor to Franklin Roosevelt. Influence, profound including the introduction of atomic weapons and the ensuing postwar relationship between the federal government and Scientific Research that has developed since 1945. Today, Government Support for Scientific Research, especially at the most basic level, is taken for granted. This was not always the case. Traditionally, what passed for scientific inquiry was supported by individual fortunes or wealthy sponsors. After the creation of the United States, even inquisitive, science minded chief executives found it difficult to expand support for American Science beyond private philanthropy. Primarily due to the strict reading of the constitution by states rights activists. There was no exquisite mandate to support science, so any federal supported to efforts such as the lewis and clark expedition, the founding of a geologicalvatory, or survey and mapping projects had to be justified under the constitutions article one, section eight, admonition to congress to for nations in several states and with the indian tribes. Science had to be good for business. In the middle of all of this, a wealthy british chemist inadvertently through a constitutional hand grenade. James smithson, never married and without children, died in 1829, leaving his considerable estate to his nephew. Likewise unmarried and without heirs, passed away himself in 1835. Anticipated this anticipating this, smithson said that his next endowment would be placed in washington under the name of the smithsonian institution. Congress relatedly accepted the request in 1838 and started seven years of haggling over what the ensuing institution should be. A library, university, museum or something else. Its first secretary, joseph henry, steered it to becoming a center for scientific learning. The benefitsime, of scientific enhancements to the nations dominant agriculture economy were becoming apparent, especially along the agriculture dominated frontier of the midwest. Prodded by professor Jonathan Baldwin turner, a representative from vermont introduced the bill into congress in 1857 to grant tracks of federal land to the states for the purposes of establishing agricultural colleges. It passed both houses in 1859 was vetoed by president James Buchanan on a strictly delineated constitutional grounds argument. The states rights argument soon resolved itself. The congressional delegations of the 11 seceded Southern States absented themselves from washington, and the landgrant bill was reintroduced and enacted in 1862. Now knowns what are as landgrant colleges. Upon the outbreak of the civil war, all manner of inventors flocked to the capital to offer devices for the war effort. We have all heard stories about individuals showing up at the war and Navy Departments and even the white house, eager to demonstrate the effectiveness of their projects. It soon got so bad that the secretary of the navy appointed a Permanent Commission of three scientists to screen the flood of suggestions. At the same time, a group of three scientists, a geographer, a navygist and senatorer, persuaded wilson of massachusetts to introduce a bill that would put a new Scientific Community at the service of the federal government. To investigate, experiment and report on any subject when requested by a federal department. The bill was one among dozens enacted on the last day of a lameduck session of the 37 congress, and it established the National Academy of sciences. After 1865, american inventiveness turned away from war and toward congress and industry. Development to the west promoted some agencies to investigate natural resources. The department of agriculture, commerce and labor, and National Parks service. During this period. Service upnment appeared during this period. Military technology continued to advance among the european nations, particularly in. Ermany, britain and france military aircraft, summaries, poison gas and the machine gun revolutionized airfare. When the u. S. Entered the conflict in 1917, the country found it had to mobilize the entire economy and society for war, and that advance in science needed to be applied to weapon and industrial development. In the event, the conflict provided a number of lessons on how to not do it. Neutrality before 1917 inhibited any prehostility preparation. To the extent they could, existing federal laboratories, including the newly created National Advisory committee on aeronautics, nasas predecessor, had scientific expertise but were oriented toward peacetime development. Once the u. S. Entered the war, they had no contact with the war or navy department. Josephus daniel tried to replicate the civil war experience by asking Thomas Edison to head a naval consulting board of scientists and engineers to solicit suggestions for solving some of the navys pressing problems such as submarine detection. Other bodies set up through legislation and Emergency Powers include a council of National Defense, which like other temporary wartime agencies, suffered from ill defined mission and authority. Sciencesnal academy of was unable to assist organically, and suggested the president wilson that a National Research council be established. Organize authority, to more Research Outside of its membership. After the u. S. Entry into the war, council on National Defense brought the National Research council under its wing as its research arm, and the naval consulting board as its a board of inventions. Departmentsitary favored direct control over the research that might affect this operation. There was no specific legal means for the army or navy to funnel appropriated funds to civilians for specific scientific work, therefore the principal means by which Technology Found its way into the war effort was through the temporary commissioning of scientists and engineers into the services themselves. Thus, between the relatively disorganized efforts of the council on National Defense, the federal civilian laboratories, technology and even industry could not hit its stride before the armistice of november 1918. The mobilization began as soon as guns fell silent. Scientist surrendered commissions and the consulting board effectively ceased to exist. Federal laboratories returned to peacetime pursuits, the National Research council turned from organizing wartime Scientific Research to the promotion of civilian Scientific Societies and soon ceased to use any government funding. After the war, the naca continued a vigorous program of aeronautical research. The council of National Defense had outlived its usefulness and was suspended in 1921. Nevertheless, the naval consulting board recommended in 1916 that the navy create its own research facility. Because various factions could not agree on a site for the facility, the Naval Research laboratory was not commissioned until 1926. All government science until now had been concentrated on natural sciences. The burgeoning industrial traditionaltaking agriculture and the advent of government planning in Franklin Roosevelts new deal, with those the importance of the social sciences came to the fore. Example, the National Bureau of labor statistics and secretary of agriculture henry wallace. Appointed a physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of technology in 1933 to head a science Advisory Board. Funded by the rockefeller foundation, for there was no appropriation. Studyard got scientist to various government bureaus. In the course of his limited life, the board suggested that the study of basic science underpinned all other research and should become an end in itself. It also proposed a new deal for science using Government Funds to support research at universities. Tootons plan approved ambitious and was resisted by another fdr appointed buddy, the National Resources board, headed by fdrs uncle, Frederick Delano. Ultimately it failed to gain sponsorship. Military research during the war period was minimal. An anecdote might explain why. In 1934, a board headed by former secretary of war recommended strengthening Army Research and development above the equivalent of 74 million that it was in the early 1930s. The army general staff and chief of staff responded by concluding that the army needs large quantities of excellent equipment that has already been developed. Andoutbreak of world war ii the hightechnology weaponry immediately deployed gave the light of such an attitude, and some within the Nations Technology community responded. In large part, that took the response of a new National Research defense community. The three individuals most responsible for its creation and effectiveness were vanever bush from the Carnegie Institute, a physicist and president of Harvard University, and carl compton. They and others use the experience of world war i and comptons 1930s studies to develop a Different Organization for supporting the coming war effort. The lead individual was bush, who used his relationship with Frederick Delano to gain an audience in early 1940 with fdrs close advisor Harry Hopkins. He outlined an organization that can leverage the prestige of its central actors to become the interface between the existing University Research organization and the war and Navy Departments , revising and using the existing authority of the council of National Defense. He proposed a National Defense committee created by the president within his office of Emergency Management under his special Emergency Powers that existed in 1940. The committee would be empowered to support research on the mechanisms of warfare except where those activities would or war andh the naca navy department. This ndrc would undertake its own research on warfare. Direct statutory authority, it would be funded by the president s emergency funds made available to him by congress. Hopkins persuaded fdr to meet with bush on june 16, 1940, and the president gave immediate approval. On ndrc eventually stood up 27th june, 1940. The organizers knew that the efforts of the previous war foundered in part because of the separation between military services and research organization. The committee included senior representation of both of the war and Navy Departments and bush reporting directly to the president , able to cultivate Close Relationships with the secretary of war and the secretary of the navy. Scientific societies were represented by frank jewett, president of the National Academy of sciences, who also happened to be the director of the laboratories, thus involving industry. Ofway co. , the commissioner patents, also on the committee along with carl compton. The navy was represented by a rear admiral, the director of the Navy Research lab. The army sent a brigadier general. Up five divisions to break down world war research into manageable divisions. Existing to laboratories for the development of products for the war. Ndrc contracted with universities to establish purpose built Research Centers. M. I. T. slaboratory was Radiation Laboratory that specialized in airborne radar and navigation systems. A soon became overloaded so second laboratory, the Radio Research lab, was created by Harvard University to specialize in electronic countermeasures such as radar chaff. Things soon got more complicated. Reorganized into 23 separate subordinate organizations. It did not stop there, though. The council of National Defense brought other organizations under its umbrella and it s