Transcripts For CSPAN3 Lectures In History Reconstruction T

Democrat who remained loyal to the union during the civil war. In 1864, Abraham Lincoln at a johnson as Vice President to his take it to bolster his reelection chances and johnson ascended to the presidency following lincolns assassination in april 1865. The radical republicans in Congress Found johnsons reconstruction policies too lenient. As a response, they put forth the sweeping 14th amendment which included provisions to ensure former slave citizenship and equal protection and due process of law. Good morning. This is constitutional history of the United States. Today we will be talking about Andrew Johnson, reconstruction and the origins of the 14th amendment. The 14th amendment is an amendment to the constitution, one of the three civil war amendments that is so important and so scrutinized because of the role it played place in deciding whether the federal government has the right to protect individual rights, economic rights, corporate rights. That even judges and scholars who normally swear off original intent and originalism scrutinized the people who authored this during the reconstruction period and their intentions in ways where theyre every utterance, there every sideways glance is analyzed. What we will be talking about today is why the 14th amendment comes about and the role this man in the middle, whos being mocked here, Andrew Johnson, plays in causing it to come about. The story opens at the end of the civil war. Its the spring of 1865. The south is absolutely destroyed. There are burned cities, good portions of richmond are flattened. Portions of South Carolina are gone. Jackson, mississippi is burned. A quarter of the men of military age are dead. Untold losses to property. In addition, the civil war by far is the bloodiest war in American Military history. Estimates of somewhere between 20,000 and some hundred 50,000 did the american civil war. That is more than all of americas other wars combined. Im sorry, 620,000 to 750,000. The civil war is more than that combined. That is when the nation was only 31 Million People. If we had a war with similar percentage of losses to the population, it would be a war with 5 million dead today. Could you imagine that . To have a war with an equivalent death rate of 5 million dead today. Hundreds of thousands of other people are maimed and disfigured in the war. In 1866, a quarter of the Mississippi State budget is for artificial limbs. If you fought in the unit in the civil war, you usually fought with people in your town. If you got in a tight scrape in a place like cold harbor, the whole towns generation of young men could be lost in eight minutes in an afternoon. So this is a catastrophic war. Thats the human cost. Then theres just the expense of fighting this war. Economic historians have run the numbers. If you add up the government expenditures, the loss of property, the civil war cost the nation about five billion dollars in 18 sixties dollars. Thats four times the combined federal budgets from all the years leading up to the civil war. The money that the federal government had spent from 1789 to 1861, four times that amount. Let me give you an example to show you just how much money this was, that the civil war cost. At the start of the war, they said, you know what . Were about to fight a catastrophic war. Had they knew what was coming, they said what can we do instead without money . Perhaps ameliorate the cause of the war, slavery. This is what they couldve done. They couldve purchased the freedom of all 4 million slaves. They couldve bought each of those 4 million slaves 40 acres and a mule and still had two billion dollars left over for reparations for the crime of slavery. Thats just how expensive this war was. That does not even count the indirect costs. The money the booming American Economy would have made, the robust American Economy, had there not been a war. So the war ends. Its this cataclysm. Theres a questions on the table. What is all this bloodshed and expense going to be for . You recall that at the start of the war, lincoln said it was just going to be a word to say the union. But the mission of the war changed with the emancipation proclamation as the war grew into something no one could have expected. Now its coming to a close in the spring of 1865. Theres Big Questions for lincoln to be grappling with. Whats going to happen to the former slaves . You have 4 Million People coming out of slavery and they own nothing. They have no land. They have no money. Theyve got a claim to things that they built and made, but what are you going to do . Are you just going to free people from slavery. Its illegal to teach slaves to read and write. Just say your free, go ahead, youre on your own. There is a question about what will happen to the former rebels. What will happen to Jefferson Davis and robert e. Lee and those who swore to uphold the oath of the constitution and then taken up arms against the federal government. Will you have treason trials . War crimes trials . Then theres the question of whats going to happen to the former former states. As you recall, lincoln had wanted to treat the war as if the states never left the union. It was just a giant riot. But what are you going to do now . When the war and, are you just want to say, okay louisiana, okay alabama, come on back in. Elect some new people, bygones be bygones. What are you going to do . The problem we face is that the civil war does not end with a peace treaty. Unlike world war ii where you have treaties signed on the dex of an Aircraft Carrier and laying out terms for what will happen next. For all intents and purposes, the war comes to an end in april of 1865. Lee surrenders to grant at appomattox. Some people fight on until june. Theres a band of cherokee cavalry still fighting on in july. However, when lee surrenders to grant, grants terms to lead army arbery magnanimous. Put down your weapon and go home. You can take your horses. Go home and start farming and we will call it a day. But is that what this war is going to be . Okay its over. Everybody goes home. Thats going to be the meaning of the war. Lincoln is going to be faced with these Big Questions and we have some idea of where lincoln was headed. Number one, we know that lincoln did not believe that the confederate leadership should ever play a political role in america again. Jefferson davis, robert e. Lee, all of the folks in the confederate congress. He wants them essentially disenfranchised. He says he doesnt want widespread treason trials. If they were to leave the country, great. But in the meantime, he says, the old south is going to be remade and we are going to introduce their new ideas and new attitudes. While he is not going to put Jefferson Davis on trial, he wants that old Political Class to know its over. We also know from a speech that lincoln gives two days after lee surrenders two grant. Lincoln appears at the window of the white house. This sketch has it wrong. It has him in front of the house. Hes actually speaking from the window in front above the door. A big crowd comes. They come to the white house expecting lincoln to give a rousing we won the war speech. Instead, he gives this very technical speech about reconstruction and what had been going on in louisiana. Its out of that speech that we have some idea where lincoln is headed for reconstruction. Number one, he was going to insist that before the Southern States could reenter union, or before we go back to normal, they are going to have to ratify the 13th amendment. In our class, we talked about lincolns emancipation proclamation. We talked about the fact it might not be constitutional. That with an article two executive powers, the power to strike at slavery was questionable. So towards the end of the war, congress with lincolns urging, passes the 13th amendment, which says neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime for where of the party shall be have been duly convicted, shall exist in the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress is given the power to enforce this. But to get that ratified, you are going to need some Southern States to ratify. As you folks know, to get an amendment ratified you need three quarters of the states. That would have been 27 states at the time. That is going to have to include some of the former Confederate States. Lincoln says, for the south to reenter the union, they have to ratify the 13th amendment. Are you with me . All right. Then at this speech, lincoln also makes some gestures to what he would do with the former slaves. One of the things he says in that speech is that black veterans, the hundred 80,000 African Americans, many of them former slaves who fought in the union ranks in the war, are going to get the right to vote. He suggests also that amongst the other remaining African Americans in the country, he will get the right to vote to what he would say were very intelligent African Americans. Lincoln had met Frederick Douglass. He had met delegations of afro cradle from new orleans. Highly educated people. There is no reason they should not be voting. This is what he says publicly. This is two days after appomattox where lee surrenders. At that speech, standing down in the crowd looking up at lincoln, is a famous shakespeare in actor, john wilkie booth. A confederate sympathizer who had been wanting to kidnap lincoln while the war was still on, taken to richmond, use inferences and use them as a bargaining chip and a way to end the war in a way that is favorable to the south. But now the wars over and booth listens to this speech. He hears that lincoln is talking about giving African American men the right to vote. He turns to the person he standing with and says, you know that means . That means nword citizenship. This is the last speech he will ever give. Indeed, go to his word. The following friday night, lincolns assassinated in fords theater by booth. These previous pictures i had, because we read lincolns running second inaugural about malice and charity to own class. Many scholars believe that this is john works both in the crowd watching him. He told later to someone that day that he had been the guest of a senators daughter. That he had an excellent chance to kill the president had he wanted to. Now he does. You see our problem for what is going to happen now is that lincoln is gone. War is ended with grants generous terms of appomattox and lincoln is now did. Its going to be quite faithful because the man who becomes president is our man Andrew Johnson. One of the most important, tragic, perhaps dark figures, in American History. Johnson, in some ways, perhaps should not become president at this point. Lincolns original Vice President. I. When lincoln came up for reelection in the middle of the war, he felt he was going to lose. The war had not been going well. Hes running against one of his ex generals, george mcclelland. He thinks its going to be a very close call. Hammond is pulsed out and they replace him with Andrew Johnson. He is a democrat who is from the opposing party, but lincoln is rewarding him for the fact that he was the only senator from a Southern State, a state that sides with the confederacy, who doesnt trying to confederacy. Hes from tennessee. Look at things that by putting johnson on the ticket, he will get votes in the border states who were mad at him for the emancipation proclamation. He puts johnson on the ticket and now johnson is president. Very quickly, lets just quickly give you some sense of who johnson was because it will play a big role in what we end up with the 14th amendment. Johnson is born in Raleigh North Carolina in a log cabin. This is a recreation, but literally into a log cabin. His family is quite poor. His mother is a hotel laundress. She does not have money to send him to school. Then it each ten, she binds him as an apprentice to a tailor. Both him and his brother. When you were bound as an apprentice, what that meant is that you went and lived and worked for someone who knew a skill or a trade and who agreed to train you in that skill. But in return during that time, you were very much like an indentured servant in that your so called master would tell you when you go to work, whether you could travel, all kinds of things. Control of your life. They are your guardian, but also your boss. They wont work out of you. Johnson hates it. He reaches the age of 15, still six years to go on his apprenticeship for which his mother got money, and he and his brother runaway. When apprentice is run away, they ran ads in the newspaper that looked just like the ads for runaway slaves. While this is not the exact ad, master runs in and in the newspaper in raleigh. Runaway practices. Andrew and william johnson. This is the future president of the United States. Hes in an ad as a runaway prentice. You get the idea. He eventually settles in greenville tennessee and opens his own tailor shop there. Johnsons tailor shop becomes the place where all the young men who are interested in politics, lots of them, we congregate to talk about politics. Johnson takes very forceful positions in support of lower people. Of common laborers. Some people say, johnson you should run for office. That is exactly what he will do. Johnson is largely he cant write. He has to learn overtime. It is grammars terrible. He writes very few letters. However, he is a voracious reader and is not down. This guy will rise dramatically from the very difficult upbringing and gets elected alderman, then mayor, state wrap, state senator, governor and u. S. Senator. All by championing the rights of the little man. I put this up here because when you do region since letters, theyre always full of these grammatical problems and spelling mistakes. We are not doing this to make fun of johnson, but it gives you some sense of who he was. When he writes, he says i have something that concerns me. It does not mean hes dumb, it just means he did not have a lot of education in his background. But, johnson, no matter how high he goes, he always felt snubbed by the fancy planters, the big plantation owners and their fancy ascots with their fancy manners. They treated him as arab with mud on his boots. He avoids state dinners because he does not know how to use the fort right. His manners are bad. Eating with johnson probably was not a pleasant thing to witness. They always snap him. Hes going to resent this deeply. Its one of the reasons why he refuses to even joined the confederacy. He sees the civil war as a planters war. Again, in his political career, the big things he pushed were homestead legislation legislation. Taking the territory out west and allowing white farmers without slaves to move out there and have free land for farming. Public schools. But again, while his instincts are generous, his habits are bad. At the inauguration where he gets inaugurated as Vice President , he is loaded. They would swear the Vice President inside the senate first before lincoln would get sworn in outside. At that ceremony, he is drunk, he grabs the bible that hes supposed to be sworn in on. He switches it. Hes trying to thank people, but he forgets their name. Whos the secretary lady . I actually make money as a drunk johnson reenactor. Kidding. And he stubborn to a fault. Unlike lincoln who had a very similar background, coming up from nowhere, but that led him to be empathetic and flexible. Johnson confuses his stubbornness with strength. No matter how about a decision is, he thinks sticking with it no matter what is the right way to go. Hes now president at this important dramatic moment. The war ends and the south is absolutely crushed and expecting the worst. They are expecting the republicans to break up the big plantations and give that land to poor whites and the former slaves. They are expecting war crimes trials. They are expecting treason trials. Whats johnson going to do . Many folks in the Republican Party who wanted the south to be treated to flee, they had high hopes for johnson. Because of his hatred of the planters, things he had said during the war sounded like he was going to be a hard. He says treason must be odious. The traders must be punished and impoverished. Theyre great plantations must be ceased and divided into small farms and sold to honest industrious men. , johnson hated the planters and saw himself as the champion of the little man, hes also very overtly racist. Where lincolns background made him empathetic, johnsons insecurities make him want to be better than other people. He had purchased slaves during his political career. While he doesnt like the big fancy planters, he had said, i wish to god every american could have at least one slave to relieve them of the drudgery of household work. Early in his administration, while on Inauguration Day actually, he meets the great African American abolitionist, Frederick Douglass. Douglas would later write this about johnson. I was standing in the crowd by the side of mrs. Thomas dorsey when lincoln touched mr. Johnson and pointed me out. The first expression which came to his face, and which i think was the true index of his heart, was one a bitter contempt and aversion. Seeing that i had observed him, he try to assume a more friendly parents, but it was too late. It is useless to close the door when all within had been seen. His first glance was the frown of a man, the second was the sickly smile of a demagogue. I turned to mrs. Dorsey and said, whatever Abraham Lincoln<\/a> at a johnson as Vice President<\/a> to his take it to bolster his reelection chances and johnson ascended to the presidency following lincolns assassination in april 1865. The radical republicans in Congress Found<\/a> johnsons reconstruction policies too lenient. As a response, they put forth the sweeping 14th amendment which included provisions to ensure former slave citizenship and equal protection and due process of law. Good morning. This is constitutional history of the United States<\/a>. Today we will be talking about Andrew Johnson<\/a>, reconstruction and the origins of the 14th amendment. The 14th amendment is an amendment to the constitution, one of the three civil war amendments that is so important and so scrutinized because of the role it played place in deciding whether the federal government has the right to protect individual rights, economic rights, corporate rights. That even judges and scholars who normally swear off original intent and originalism scrutinized the people who authored this during the reconstruction period and their intentions in ways where theyre every utterance, there every sideways glance is analyzed. What we will be talking about today is why the 14th amendment comes about and the role this man in the middle, whos being mocked here, Andrew Johnson<\/a>, plays in causing it to come about. The story opens at the end of the civil war. Its the spring of 1865. The south is absolutely destroyed. There are burned cities, good portions of richmond are flattened. Portions of South Carolina<\/a> are gone. Jackson, mississippi is burned. A quarter of the men of military age are dead. Untold losses to property. In addition, the civil war by far is the bloodiest war in American Military<\/a> history. Estimates of somewhere between 20,000 and some hundred 50,000 did the american civil war. That is more than all of americas other wars combined. Im sorry, 620,000 to 750,000. The civil war is more than that combined. That is when the nation was only 31 Million People<\/a>. If we had a war with similar percentage of losses to the population, it would be a war with 5 million dead today. Could you imagine that . To have a war with an equivalent death rate of 5 million dead today. Hundreds of thousands of other people are maimed and disfigured in the war. In 1866, a quarter of the Mississippi State<\/a> budget is for artificial limbs. If you fought in the unit in the civil war, you usually fought with people in your town. If you got in a tight scrape in a place like cold harbor, the whole towns generation of young men could be lost in eight minutes in an afternoon. So this is a catastrophic war. Thats the human cost. Then theres just the expense of fighting this war. Economic historians have run the numbers. If you add up the government expenditures, the loss of property, the civil war cost the nation about five billion dollars in 18 sixties dollars. Thats four times the combined federal budgets from all the years leading up to the civil war. The money that the federal government had spent from 1789 to 1861, four times that amount. Let me give you an example to show you just how much money this was, that the civil war cost. At the start of the war, they said, you know what . Were about to fight a catastrophic war. Had they knew what was coming, they said what can we do instead without money . Perhaps ameliorate the cause of the war, slavery. This is what they couldve done. They couldve purchased the freedom of all 4 million slaves. They couldve bought each of those 4 million slaves 40 acres and a mule and still had two billion dollars left over for reparations for the crime of slavery. Thats just how expensive this war was. That does not even count the indirect costs. The money the booming American Economy<\/a> would have made, the robust American Economy<\/a>, had there not been a war. So the war ends. Its this cataclysm. Theres a questions on the table. What is all this bloodshed and expense going to be for . You recall that at the start of the war, lincoln said it was just going to be a word to say the union. But the mission of the war changed with the emancipation proclamation as the war grew into something no one could have expected. Now its coming to a close in the spring of 1865. Theres Big Questions<\/a> for lincoln to be grappling with. Whats going to happen to the former slaves . You have 4 Million People<\/a> coming out of slavery and they own nothing. They have no land. They have no money. Theyve got a claim to things that they built and made, but what are you going to do . Are you just going to free people from slavery. Its illegal to teach slaves to read and write. Just say your free, go ahead, youre on your own. There is a question about what will happen to the former rebels. What will happen to Jefferson Davis<\/a> and robert e. Lee and those who swore to uphold the oath of the constitution and then taken up arms against the federal government. Will you have treason trials . War crimes trials . Then theres the question of whats going to happen to the former former states. As you recall, lincoln had wanted to treat the war as if the states never left the union. It was just a giant riot. But what are you going to do now . When the war and, are you just want to say, okay louisiana, okay alabama, come on back in. Elect some new people, bygones be bygones. What are you going to do . The problem we face is that the civil war does not end with a peace treaty. Unlike world war ii where you have treaties signed on the dex of an Aircraft Carrier<\/a> and laying out terms for what will happen next. For all intents and purposes, the war comes to an end in april of 1865. Lee surrenders to grant at appomattox. Some people fight on until june. Theres a band of cherokee cavalry still fighting on in july. However, when lee surrenders to grant, grants terms to lead army arbery magnanimous. Put down your weapon and go home. You can take your horses. Go home and start farming and we will call it a day. But is that what this war is going to be . Okay its over. Everybody goes home. Thats going to be the meaning of the war. Lincoln is going to be faced with these Big Questions<\/a> and we have some idea of where lincoln was headed. Number one, we know that lincoln did not believe that the confederate leadership should ever play a political role in america again. Jefferson davis, robert e. Lee, all of the folks in the confederate congress. He wants them essentially disenfranchised. He says he doesnt want widespread treason trials. If they were to leave the country, great. But in the meantime, he says, the old south is going to be remade and we are going to introduce their new ideas and new attitudes. While he is not going to put Jefferson Davis<\/a> on trial, he wants that old Political Class<\/a> to know its over. We also know from a speech that lincoln gives two days after lee surrenders two grant. Lincoln appears at the window of the white house. This sketch has it wrong. It has him in front of the house. Hes actually speaking from the window in front above the door. A big crowd comes. They come to the white house expecting lincoln to give a rousing we won the war speech. Instead, he gives this very technical speech about reconstruction and what had been going on in louisiana. Its out of that speech that we have some idea where lincoln is headed for reconstruction. Number one, he was going to insist that before the Southern States<\/a> could reenter union, or before we go back to normal, they are going to have to ratify the 13th amendment. In our class, we talked about lincolns emancipation proclamation. We talked about the fact it might not be constitutional. That with an article two executive powers, the power to strike at slavery was questionable. So towards the end of the war, congress with lincolns urging, passes the 13th amendment, which says neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime for where of the party shall be have been duly convicted, shall exist in the United States<\/a> or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Congress is given the power to enforce this. But to get that ratified, you are going to need some Southern States<\/a> to ratify. As you folks know, to get an amendment ratified you need three quarters of the states. That would have been 27 states at the time. That is going to have to include some of the former Confederate States<\/a>. Lincoln says, for the south to reenter the union, they have to ratify the 13th amendment. Are you with me . All right. Then at this speech, lincoln also makes some gestures to what he would do with the former slaves. One of the things he says in that speech is that black veterans, the hundred 80,000 African Americans<\/a>, many of them former slaves who fought in the union ranks in the war, are going to get the right to vote. He suggests also that amongst the other remaining African Americans<\/a> in the country, he will get the right to vote to what he would say were very intelligent African Americans<\/a>. Lincoln had met Frederick Douglass<\/a>. He had met delegations of afro cradle from new orleans. Highly educated people. There is no reason they should not be voting. This is what he says publicly. This is two days after appomattox where lee surrenders. At that speech, standing down in the crowd looking up at lincoln, is a famous shakespeare in actor, john wilkie booth. A confederate sympathizer who had been wanting to kidnap lincoln while the war was still on, taken to richmond, use inferences and use them as a bargaining chip and a way to end the war in a way that is favorable to the south. But now the wars over and booth listens to this speech. He hears that lincoln is talking about giving African American<\/a> men the right to vote. He turns to the person he standing with and says, you know that means . That means nword citizenship. This is the last speech he will ever give. Indeed, go to his word. The following friday night, lincolns assassinated in fords theater by booth. These previous pictures i had, because we read lincolns running second inaugural about malice and charity to own class. Many scholars believe that this is john works both in the crowd watching him. He told later to someone that day that he had been the guest of a senators daughter. That he had an excellent chance to kill the president had he wanted to. Now he does. You see our problem for what is going to happen now is that lincoln is gone. War is ended with grants generous terms of appomattox and lincoln is now did. Its going to be quite faithful because the man who becomes president is our man Andrew Johnson<\/a>. One of the most important, tragic, perhaps dark figures, in American History<\/a>. Johnson, in some ways, perhaps should not become president at this point. Lincolns original Vice President<\/a>. I. When lincoln came up for reelection in the middle of the war, he felt he was going to lose. The war had not been going well. Hes running against one of his ex generals, george mcclelland. He thinks its going to be a very close call. Hammond is pulsed out and they replace him with Andrew Johnson<\/a>. He is a democrat who is from the opposing party, but lincoln is rewarding him for the fact that he was the only senator from a Southern State<\/a>, a state that sides with the confederacy, who doesnt trying to confederacy. Hes from tennessee. Look at things that by putting johnson on the ticket, he will get votes in the border states who were mad at him for the emancipation proclamation. He puts johnson on the ticket and now johnson is president. Very quickly, lets just quickly give you some sense of who johnson was because it will play a big role in what we end up with the 14th amendment. Johnson is born in Raleigh North Carolina<\/a> in a log cabin. This is a recreation, but literally into a log cabin. His family is quite poor. His mother is a hotel laundress. She does not have money to send him to school. Then it each ten, she binds him as an apprentice to a tailor. Both him and his brother. When you were bound as an apprentice, what that meant is that you went and lived and worked for someone who knew a skill or a trade and who agreed to train you in that skill. But in return during that time, you were very much like an indentured servant in that your so called master would tell you when you go to work, whether you could travel, all kinds of things. Control of your life. They are your guardian, but also your boss. They wont work out of you. Johnson hates it. He reaches the age of 15, still six years to go on his apprenticeship for which his mother got money, and he and his brother runaway. When apprentice is run away, they ran ads in the newspaper that looked just like the ads for runaway slaves. While this is not the exact ad, master runs in and in the newspaper in raleigh. Runaway practices. Andrew and william johnson. This is the future president of the United States<\/a>. Hes in an ad as a runaway prentice. You get the idea. He eventually settles in greenville tennessee and opens his own tailor shop there. Johnsons tailor shop becomes the place where all the young men who are interested in politics, lots of them, we congregate to talk about politics. Johnson takes very forceful positions in support of lower people. Of common laborers. Some people say, johnson you should run for office. That is exactly what he will do. Johnson is largely he cant write. He has to learn overtime. It is grammars terrible. He writes very few letters. However, he is a voracious reader and is not down. This guy will rise dramatically from the very difficult upbringing and gets elected alderman, then mayor, state wrap, state senator, governor and u. S. Senator. All by championing the rights of the little man. I put this up here because when you do region since letters, theyre always full of these grammatical problems and spelling mistakes. We are not doing this to make fun of johnson, but it gives you some sense of who he was. When he writes, he says i have something that concerns me. It does not mean hes dumb, it just means he did not have a lot of education in his background. But, johnson, no matter how high he goes, he always felt snubbed by the fancy planters, the big plantation owners and their fancy ascots with their fancy manners. They treated him as arab with mud on his boots. He avoids state dinners because he does not know how to use the fort right. His manners are bad. Eating with johnson probably was not a pleasant thing to witness. They always snap him. Hes going to resent this deeply. Its one of the reasons why he refuses to even joined the confederacy. He sees the civil war as a planters war. Again, in his political career, the big things he pushed were homestead legislation legislation. Taking the territory out west and allowing white farmers without slaves to move out there and have free land for farming. Public schools. But again, while his instincts are generous, his habits are bad. At the inauguration where he gets inaugurated as Vice President<\/a> , he is loaded. They would swear the Vice President<\/a> inside the senate first before lincoln would get sworn in outside. At that ceremony, he is drunk, he grabs the bible that hes supposed to be sworn in on. He switches it. Hes trying to thank people, but he forgets their name. Whos the secretary lady . I actually make money as a drunk johnson reenactor. Kidding. And he stubborn to a fault. Unlike lincoln who had a very similar background, coming up from nowhere, but that led him to be empathetic and flexible. Johnson confuses his stubbornness with strength. No matter how about a decision is, he thinks sticking with it no matter what is the right way to go. Hes now president at this important dramatic moment. The war ends and the south is absolutely crushed and expecting the worst. They are expecting the republicans to break up the big plantations and give that land to poor whites and the former slaves. They are expecting war crimes trials. They are expecting treason trials. Whats johnson going to do . Many folks in the Republican Party<\/a> who wanted the south to be treated to flee, they had high hopes for johnson. Because of his hatred of the planters, things he had said during the war sounded like he was going to be a hard. He says treason must be odious. The traders must be punished and impoverished. Theyre great plantations must be ceased and divided into small farms and sold to honest industrious men. , johnson hated the planters and saw himself as the champion of the little man, hes also very overtly racist. Where lincolns background made him empathetic, johnsons insecurities make him want to be better than other people. He had purchased slaves during his political career. While he doesnt like the big fancy planters, he had said, i wish to god every american could have at least one slave to relieve them of the drudgery of household work. Early in his administration, while on Inauguration Day<\/a> actually, he meets the great African American<\/a> abolitionist, Frederick Douglass<\/a>. Douglas would later write this about johnson. I was standing in the crowd by the side of mrs. Thomas dorsey when lincoln touched mr. Johnson and pointed me out. The first expression which came to his face, and which i think was the true index of his heart, was one a bitter contempt and aversion. Seeing that i had observed him, he try to assume a more friendly parents, but it was too late. It is useless to close the door when all within had been seen. His first glance was the frown of a man, the second was the sickly smile of a demagogue. I turned to mrs. Dorsey and said, whatever Andrew Johnson<\/a> may be, he is no friend of our race. A fact that will be confirmed when douglas brings a delegation of African American<\/a> leaders to meet with johnson at the white house to try to convince him to give African American<\/a> men the right to vote. Johnson is totally dismissive. Then when he leaves, johnson turns to his personal secretary and says, i know that douglas. Hes just like any other and word and he would soon or cut a white mans throat then not. It will be Frederick Douglass<\/a> is conclusion that this is the wrong man with the wrong values at the wrong time. Johnson will say this is a country for white men and by god, as long as i am president , it shall be a government for white men. Johnson is not the only one who has some say about reconstruction. He there is also congress. Congress looks like a group that might be more sympathetic to the former slaves and might treat the ex confederate leadership more harshly, although johnson can do that to. But the congress at the time, about 35 of the congress in Northern Borders<\/a> were democrats. Democrats have been a party that had a strong racist street to it. If they supported the civil war, it was to say the union. Many of them then of course. But only that far. When lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation. This is when some become copper heads. But 65 of the congress are republicans. The party that elects lincolns lincoln would just northern votes. They want to punish the rebels, but they were also committed to giving the former slaves, well not everyone is up for a meeting voting rights, but a fair shake. Protecting basic rights. Whats the problem . Its april 1865 when johnson becomes president. The problem is congress isnt in session. As we discussed in class previously, congress only met for a short time each year. December through march. You werent supposed to be a fulltime politician. You came to congress after the fields were harvested and went back to the fields to the spring. Congress is a short time institution. They are not around. The president has the power to Call Congress<\/a> in for a special session, as lincoln did, a civil war breaks out on april 1861 and lincoln calls congress. They approve his suspension of heaviest corpus and other things. But johnson does not Want Congress<\/a> around. Johnson wants to do it all himself. Hes going to be at the helm at eight of the most critical months in American History<\/a>. Hes one month into president his presidency and he announces his reconstruction policy. A sweeping once and for all policy. Number one, johnson agrees slavery is dead. Johnson what likes slavery, he recognizes its over. Its been to destabilized. He kind of likes it because ending slavery will end the planter class. He says, no matter what, we will not let the Southern States<\/a> back into the union unless they ratify the 13th amendment. So good for johnson, slavery is dead. Second, he says, we will not let the Southern States<\/a> back into the union unless they repudiate the confederate war debt. What that meant is, in the south, the state governments and confederate government had all borrowed money to fight the war from banks, from private individuals, they sold bonds, anybody who landed money to the confederate government for a treasonous cause, johnson says you are foolish to do so. Foreign banks, whoever it was. Repudiate the southern war debt. But then, he goes on and he says, sweeping amnesty for ex confederates. All most ex confederates had to do was take a future of an oath a future loyalty to the United States<\/a> and your back in as if nothing had happened. The war is over. Oath of future loyalty. Back in full citizenship rights. The only exceptions to that policy are these. High ranking military civil judicial officers of the confederacy, robert healy, Jefferson Davis<\/a>. There were criminals more criminals like the commandant of a prison. Anyone who held, tell me what this is, anyone who helped before the war taxable property of more than 20,000 dollars. Emily. inaudible yes. The very wealthy planters. Anyone who had 20,000 dollars before the war were planters who johnson hates. However, he adds a caveat. Any of these people can appeal to johnson for a personal pardon. Here is where you really get into the johnson psychology. While this initially sounds kind of tough perhaps, he starts granting the policies liberally. As if anyone who had ever snapped you in your life has to come gravelling back. Alexander stevens, Vice President<\/a> of the confederacy. Oh mr. Johnson, you are so wonderful. How does he justify saying that exclude those who help before . How does he justify that . Its johnson. This is his reconstruction policy. Im going to say the leadership of the old south and the planters who started the war, you are not backing unless you apply to me personally. He loves this. He loves the grumbling. He starts granting the pardons liberally. The anti rooms of the white house are filled with people seeking pardons. Then johnson just goes hog wild. Dozens in a day. Hundreds in a day. Soon theres these pardon brokers coming in with long names list of people and he signed off on it. By the time he is done, most of the Leadership Class<\/a> of the old south is back in. And hell house the Southern States<\/a> now to hold new elections. They elect state legislatures in the south, African American<\/a> men not giving the right to vote. Johnson saying that wont happen. They elect back a good portion of the old confederate leadership to these state legislatures and those state legislatures in this period that becomes known as president ial reconstruction, they immediately start passing laws designed to recreate slavery in fact if not in name. They are called the black codes. I need you hear folks. We will come back to that. The black codes, first in mississippi. Other states will modeled theirs on mississippi. The black codes did give the former slaves some writes they did not have in slavery. They could now sue in court. They could now get married. So people who had been man and wife but unable to marry before the war could not get married. They can now own property. But what else is in the black codes . Here, i need you folks folks to join me. What else is in the black votes . Do we need to wait for a microphone . What else is in the black coats that seems to be shaping the freedom of the former slaves . Josh down on the end. Josh do you want to . What do we do here . This is your chance to be getting credit at the end of the from. Okay, number one. You sign a contract to work for someone on a plantation, you cannot leave early. What happens if you do leave early, josh . They are arrested. Well, arrested or chased down by, essentially slave catchers, who could catch you, get paid for their service and bring you back to work on the plantation. What else is in there . Who else had their hand up . Billy. They cant rent or lease their own property in town. They want people to have to stay where they are. What else . Forest. They could get married, but they could not have any interracial marriages. Yes. Whats the penalty for interracial marriage . A life sentence. If you had a contract for a year and you broke it, you had to pay inaudible . Yes, basically what happens is that you get paid at the end of the term. If you break it, you dont get paid for any work youve done. So youre kind of stuck. Anyone else . Monica. They cant congregate after a certain hour, either with each other or with other white soldiers. African americans, black people, they cannot meet groups more than six after sundown. They can have firearms. Theres a whole long list. With these vagrancy laws, you had to show that at the beginning of each year, that you had signed on to work on a plantation for the coming year. If you can show it, you would be taken to court, find 50 dollars, which is like 750 dollars today for someone coming out of slavery with no money, thats a huge sum. Then you have to pay off in order to pay off the 750 dollars, you are assigned to a plantation for the coming year. If youre lucky, you will get paid that in the coming year. The system came out of whites concerns that African Americans<\/a> who have done all the labor in the south on these big plantations, whites prided themselves they did not have labour, they were concerned African Americans<\/a> non freedom would not labor. So they put in the black codes. In addition, johnson goes back on his pledge to redistribute the property of the south and give the giant plantations to pour lights and former slaves. He rescinds general shermans famous special order number 15. At the end of the war, during his march to the seat, general sherman arrived where the planters had fled, leaving behind their slaves. Sherman is like, what are we going to do now . He divides the plantations up into 40 acre plots. He gave the mules from the federal armies mule train. He gives 400,000 acres. He says you now own it. 18,000 slaves get land. This is where the phrase 40 acres and a meal comes from. Once the word gets out that this is what the federal army is going to do, that word spreads like wildfire. Its the reason why spike lees Production Company<\/a> is called 40 acres in a mule film works. Its not a dream that comes through because johnson comes in power and recent shermans order. But johnson is also going to fight tooth and nail against the free mens bureau. The friedmans bureau was a part of the War Department<\/a> created by lincoln in congress. It was meant to help slaves make the transition to freedom. The friedmans bureau, it was a oneyear operation, they knew they were going to have to help people make this transition and they would provide food and housing and education and coordinate private charities. But they also were authorized during the war, the federal army had confiscated 800,000 acres of plantation land under confiscation acts from a treasonous plantation owners. They were authorized to rent or sell that to the former slaves. They dont do it. Johnson has the generals refused to do that. Johnson then goes a step further. He allows the Confederate States<\/a> that he set up, the former staterun the confederacy, these new governments that he set up to hold federal elections to elect people for congress. Remember, the south left and they all leave congress and they have to get new representatives. He allows them to get elections and they elect back to congress the leaders of the old confederacy including Vice President<\/a> of the confederacy, Alexander Stevens<\/a>. Hes elected back to his congressional seat. This is the cornerstone of the confederacy speech guy. You have this situation where southerners who had been expecting the worst a suddenly light, you know what . This will be too bad. African americans are free, what we need to have a regulated by the black codes. Our old leaders are elected to office and headed back to congress. We run the states. Black people arent voting. Weve got a southern president who seems sympathetic to us. This is going to be pretty great. Emily. Is there anything that the johnson did that was the right thing to do . Did he do anything right . You could say forcing the Southern States<\/a> to embrace the 13th amendment, to ratify that, thats good. Forcing the repudiation of the war debt, thats good. But short of that, johnson is really going to screw some things up. Its a double edged sword though because it will be his screwing up that is going to lead to things like the 14th amendment that are going to shape American History<\/a> in many good ways subsequently. So lets go there, good question. All right. Congress returns in december and standing at the door of the capital are Alexander Stevens<\/a> and all these confederate leaders who are ready to take their seats again and start causing all the same trouble that led to the war. Congress says, no way. Johnson has gone too far. Under the constitution, article one as you know, the powers of congress, section five, it says, each house shall be the judge of the elections returns and qualifications of its own members. Congress says, johnson was not authorized to hold elections for our seats. We will say when the south can hold elections for seats to congress. So they refuse to seat those folks. The state governments that johnson created, they still exist, but they send the senators and congressmen elected by johnsons elections, they send them packing. They say, we are going to wait and figure out what our terms are before we will let you have those elections. They form a joint committee on reconstruction to figure out just how bad it was in the south at that moment. They interview scores of former slaves, ex confederate leaders, northerners who were in the sierra, journalists, and they all say, its no good. These white the white south is totally on reconstructed. Its unrepentant. Its unwilling to bring about significant change. They want the old society back. There is no justice for the friedman. If you are a northern white person down there with a suspect is in trouble, your life is in jeopardy. Congress says, we will not let you back in. Thats the state of affairs in the south. They start drafting bills that might fix the problem. One you read for today in your textbook. Josh. Where for the microphone if you could. Was it in johnsons reconstruction plan to make secession unconstitutional . Was it in johnsons reconstruction plan to make secession unconstitutional . I would say yes. He does require that these legislatures that he created renounce secession. Not all do, but that is one of the things he says he wants them to do. He believes thats treason. Its one of the reasons lincoln picks him. Good question. He is on the side of like and andrew jackson. Secession is illegal. They start drafting bills, including the Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866. As they are doing it, charles sumner, the great abolitionist senator from massachusetts, receives a box in the mail. Inside the box is a cut off black finger with a note that says, you old son of a. If that bill passes, i will have a piece of you. Congress will now pass the Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866. You read it for today. Can any of you read it, without going into all of the detail of this, say what it basically says . Anyone . Can anyone paraphrase the Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866 . What is it meant to do . Yes. Jonathan. Make the black coats unconstitutional. Yes. Not necessarily really unconstitutional because you cannot mended the constitution, but to make them illegal. They say number one, all persons born in the United States<\/a> and not subject to any foreign power are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States<\/a>. What is that . Anyone born in the United States<\/a> is a citizen of the United States<\/a>. Where theyre going after here . Who said African Americans<\/a> cant ever be citizens of the United States<\/a> . Go ahead monica. In dred scott. Yes. Even though the Supreme Court<\/a> has ruled that and it is still the law of the land, we dont agree. We say anyone born here is a citizen of the United States<\/a>. They then go into a long last which essentially says that the black codes are illegal. If you pass a law that says people cant be in groups of six after sundown, it must apply to everybody equally. Short, you can make that rule, but it must apply to everyone equally. African americans deserve full Due Process Rights<\/a> like anybody else. Its not giving anyone a right to vote, but it is saying the black codes are illegal. Johnson, of course, remember, bills and congress have to go through president. What do you think johnson will do . Veto. He vetoes it. Johnson vetoes it, but Congress Overrides<\/a> his veto. The Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866, the first congressional protection of individual rights in American History<\/a>. This is what i mean. Weve discussed in this class that up till this point and continuing, your bill of rights rights, the first amendments of the constitution, they only protected you against the federal government. They did not protect you against your state government. For protections against your state government, you had to turn towards your state constitution. For the first time, the federal government is saying in the Civil Rights Act<\/a>, we are going to protect individuals from their state government. How can they do that . The Supreme Court<\/a> had a rule. They said it was constitutional due to the enforcement provision of the 13th amendment. Excellent. The 13th amendment ends slavery. Then it has a section two. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Heres my question for you. The 13th amendment and slavery. The Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866 says that you cant not give free people Due Process Rights<\/a>. You have to treat free people equally. Is that slavery . Try the black codes slavery . What are they doing . The Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866. If you want to make an argument that the 13th amendment justifies a Civil Rights Act<\/a>, what do you say in response to the argument that we are not enslaving anybody . Emily. The idea that it is illegal for a free man not to be employed. Isnt that a slavery in a technical way . You are forced to be employed. Its almost harkening back to the fugitive slave act. Its like a fugitive workers act. It sounds like slavery. Its the same people and institution. Its the same enslavers. They are in charge. It feels like slavery. What they argue is that the 13th amendment is bigger than just stopping one person from forcing another person to be enslaved. You could also use it to get rid of the badges of slavery. To get rid of the things that they are doing to people who were formerly enslaved and remind people that they were once enslaved. That is the justification that they are going to give for the Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866. There will be some people who say, it strikes me that it might be unconstitutional. When johnson vetoes the Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866, this is what he says. He doesnt like the anyone born here is a citizen. Its still a topic debated today. This is johnson argument why hes vetoing the bill. He says that the bill gives full citizenship to all people born in the United States<\/a> including, god forbid, the chinese, indian, gypsies, as well as an entire race of designated as blacks. This is too much for johnson. He says this is a white mans government and thats why im vetoing it. Congress also renews the friedmans bureau. It was only supposed to be for a year. They now extend it for another two years. They give the bureau the power to build schools. One of the things slaves out of slavery wanted most was education for their children. They give the friedmans bureau the ability to build schools as well as courts. Its not happening under johnsons government. The friedman can go in force the rights. Johnson vetoes the friedmans bureaus bill as well. Congress over rides it. Johnsons argument is that a friedmans bureau that is giving out food and greeting schools and helping people out is going to create a whole class of people who are reliant on the government for assistance. Who are reliant on the government. This is a racist cartoon against the friedmans bureau. There is a cartoon of johnson kicking the friedmans bureau down the stairs. He is vetoing one thing after the other that congress is doing. As you know, article one section seven is this process. Congress passes, the president vetoes, the Congress Needs<\/a> two thirds votes and both houses to override a veto. Of 60 president ial vetoes before in American History<\/a>, only six have been overridden. Johnson is overridden 15 times in less than four years. It is at this point that Congress Says<\/a>, forget it. The Civil Rights Act<\/a> of 1866, we can pass it but someone might repeal it. We need to enshrine these principles in the constitution and the south wants to know when we will have let them have senators and congressmen again . We will let them have senators and congressmen when they ratify this amendment. It will be congress is peace 3d to the south. It creates years to come about. And that time, southern folks who are resisting this had already given up the idea that they had to go along. Heres what the 14th amendment says. Section one is hugely important. Until this day, all persons born or naturalized in the United States<\/a> and subject to the jurisdiction thereof are citizens of the United States<\/a>. If you are born here, even if your parents come to the country and are not citizens. If you are born here, you are a citizen of the United States<\/a>. When this gets added to the constitution, dred scott is dead. The Supreme Court<\/a> can say what the law was in 1857, but to amend the constitution and thats it. Anyone born here is a citizen of the United States<\/a>. Then we get all this language designed to strike a things like the black codes. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of the citizens of the United States<\/a>. This has been a very controversial clause because theres perhaps some evidence that some of the framers of the constitution believed that amongst your privileges or immunities as a citizen of the United States<\/a>, those were your bill of rights rights. Since the 14th amendment was saying no state shall enforce and a lot that shall abridge the privileges communities of the citizens of the United States<\/a>. That this now meant that weve changed the structure and your bill of rights rights are protected against state governments. Thats not the way it turns out and its not clear that everyone who is debating the 14th amendment believed this, the people who ratified it, the people who discussed it. The no shall any state shall deprive any person from life, property or liberty without due process of law. Nor deny any person within its jurisdiction equal protection of the laws. You want a law that says people cannot be in groups of six after sundown . You can do it, but it has to apply equally to everyone. The 14th amendment as a couple of other things in it that you need to know about. You only hear section one today, Everything Else<\/a> is kind of dead lettered from the civil war era. I need you to think here. Put on your thinking hats. This is section two of the 14th amendment. It says, as one part of it, when the right to vote in any election is denied to any of the male inhabitants, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation there in shall be reduced in proportion which the number of male citizens shall bear to the whole number of citizens 21 years of age in such state. What does that saying and what is it doing . If youre going to say, if you deny an email citizen the right to vote, what is going to happen . Based on section two. Go ahead, steve. They will reduce the states representation in congress. They will rip deuce the states representation in congress. This is striking at what part of the original constitution . The pro slavery portion of the original constitution. Yes, michael. The three fist clause. Yes. The closet had given Southern States<\/a> representation in Congress Based<\/a> on their in slaved population. People who can never vote. Congress is now saying, if theres any when you do not get the right to vote, its not getting counted. There will be no three fist clause. Are they giving blackmon the right to vote here in section two . No. They are just saying, if you deny them the right to vote then its not going to count. The south, which has a population of 10 million, 4 million of whom are former slaves, and the north has a population of 20 million. If they dont give African American<\/a> man the right to vote, they will not have a lot of say in congress. So they have not yet decided that they will outright give the people to right to vote. Susan bee anthony, the great suffragists leader who had been campaigning since the seneca falls declaration of 1848 to get win in the right to vote. She had thought of the civil war as this moment where everyone is discussing rights and what it means to be a citizen. Its a Perfect Moment<\/a> to give everyone the right to vote. She will be outraged when the second section of the 14 amendment includes the word male. You deny any male inhabitants the right to vote, you lose representation. You can deny all the women you want. It will be at that moment that she forms the American Equal Rights Association<\/a> that is going to lead to the Suffrage Movement<\/a> to campaign for women and give women the right to vote. She is livid what the men have done in section two. Very quickly, three other sections. Section three said, if you held a office before the war, nationalist state, and even at the state level you took an out as you became a judge to uphold the constitution of the United States<\/a> and then fought for the confederacy, you are now disenchant disfranchised. You will not hold office again. You cannot vote again. They say, we will repudiate the war debts and it adds an enforcement clause. So now that is congress is peace treaty to the south. Section one, equal protection. Birth right citizenship. Section two, you deny blackmon the right to vote. We will get rid of your representation. Repudiation of the southern warned it. All the south has to do to get back in is ratified that amendment, but then johnson goes to work. Johnson says to the south, this congress is out of control. You should not ratify the 14th amendment. I am on your side. Do not ratify this document. The south realizing they had a friend in the white house, digs in their feet. The only Southern State<\/a> that ratifys the 14th is johnsons home state of tennessee. Johnson goes on this National Speaking<\/a> tour saying, do not ratify the 14th amendment. The sign of johnsons power in the south, the signs are everywhere. In the summer of 1866 down in new orleans, African American<\/a> men and some of their southern allies meet where they are going to have a convention pledged to getting African American<\/a> men right to vote. The hall is surrounded by the new Orleans Police<\/a> force. It is made up of henry hayes louisiana tigers who fought for robert e. Lee at gettysburg. The police now break into the hall and start shooting everyone inside. They are dragging people into the street. They are hitting it them in the heads with breaks. Scores of people are killed for simply holding a meeting to consider giving African American<\/a> men the right to vote. There are similar rights in memphis and other places in the south. They just convinced people in the north that the south is completely on reconstructed. Johnsons mailbox is filling up with letters from moms and dads saying, my son died in the civil war. Slavery is recreated in the south and this is what youre doing. Its outrageous. Johnson goes on the speaking tour, which becomes his swing around a circle campaigning against the 14th amendment. On it he is completely unpresident ial. People were shouting from the audience say hang president davis. He says i will hang you. He says im christ and that is is judas. Hes just shouting. A lot of people say his status drops dramatically. This is a cartoon of johnson status by the time hes done in this period. The he had totally misread the national mood. Johnson said we have midterm elections coming up. You watch, the republicans will get thrown out and elect the democrats and you will not have to ratify the 14th amendment. In the midterm Elections Come<\/a> and its a blowout. Its a republican landslide. 42 republican senators to 11 democrats. 143 republicans to 49 democrats in the house. It is clear that johnsons thought that most of the north was on his side is totally wrong. Yes, michael. I noticed that in one of your images that you had a lot of political cartoons of johnson. It seems like they really made fun of him a lot. Were there any other examples . Was this the most ridicule of president . There are papers in the south that support johnson. I selected the newspapers they criticize him because i think he is a clown. In the north, he is one of the most, he is totally being ridiculed. In many ways, he is kind of a stubborn buffoon, but he has supporters, particularly in the south. They come to think of him as their man in the white house. It is at this point that Congress Says<\/a>, if you are not going to ratify the 14th amendment, we think its pretty generous terms. Compared to the terms of victors of other wars in different period. It is the most tame peace treaty ever. We think its pretty moderate terms. But the south refuses to cooperate. Johnson is out of control. At this point, Congress Says<\/a> we are not going to do what we should have done in the first place. They are doing this all over johnsons vetoes, of course. They say we are going to treat this out as they should have been treated right from the beginning. Rather than them allowing to elect state legislatures, we are going to say that when they left the union, they renounced their full statehood, reverted to territorial status and as territories, could be controlled by congress. That is under article four and section three. Congress now announces that the United States<\/a> army is going to take control in the south. It is going to throw johnsons legislatures, close them down. And we are not going to have a period known as military reconstruction. And as part of that, we are going to require that each of the Southern States<\/a> now hold new elections and in the south we are going to give African American<\/a> man the right to vote they are going to vote for new legislation and state constitutional conventions, which is going to drop new constitutions of every state. And then they are going to ratify the 14th amendment. Former confederates, leadership cannot vote, cannot participate radical reconstruction back by the bayonets that are going to have African Americans<\/a>, going to get an African American<\/a> elected to jefferson bay. Senate seat is going to have poor whites. Going to have some folks in the north who saw themselves as evangelical missionaries. They are going to create new governments that have constitution that pledge to oppose and some places they are going to integrate schools in southern cities black protective solving highprofile crimes. African american serving on juries. Its going to be that is going its going to have a profound effect on the american constitution and we are going to do reading some major cases. Any questions that we discussed today . Any questions . How many of you believe that congress is justified and shutting down what johnson did. When you got . Were you ready to talk . What we want to say . Of course they were justified. Johnson is completely out of control. I mean he was pretty much not punishing the south for causing this intense violence and if congress hadnt done anything and even though they did he still pretty much ruined the process as he tried to curtail some of the negative impacts. Excellent point. Constitution about how they did not want a tyrant president and it really seems like that is what johnson was doing. It was like, i dont care what congress does, i dont care what anyone else says, this is what i think, dont worry south, i am on your side so that is completely one person taking absolute control of the government. Excellent. Johnson got another problem. In that when you take the oath of the presidency, you swear to faithfully execute the laws and johnson, when his veto was overridden, then has the job of enforcing laws even if he does not like them. Civil rights acts in 1966, all the things, he does not like them but johnson goes out of his way to not enforce them. Not only is he urging the south to resist these acts but he is firing one military reconstruction starts and and some people, in congress, are going to see johnson as out of control and the movement is going to impeach him. Which we will be talking about. Monica, was your hand up . Any other questions today about reconstruction and what we have done for today . Yes, michael. . I guess my question is, had president lincoln not been assassinated would Andrew Johnson<\/a> would people elect Andrew Johnson<\/a> to presidency . Counterfactual and predicting what would happen had lincoln come to the great discussions of one of the historical debates. Some people suggest that had lincoln lived, he would not have been as rigid and uncooperative as johnson but he would not have moved as quickly as congress does thanks to johnson being uncooperative. We are going to get African American<\/a> men the right to vote. We are going to get radical changes in the south. Much more quickly because of johnson struck sharonism. Lincoln wouldve moved much more structurally. Lincoln was always someone who moved with firmness and caution. Emily . Legally speaking, how did the military reconstruction act justify forcing Southern States<\/a> to revert to territorial status . They essentially what Congress Said<\/a> is everything that johnson did while they were away was invalid. It takes a little while to call him out on that but he should never have been allowed to state of the state governments in the first place. It was not his call. What we believe is that when the south succeeded, fought against the union, they did not have the right to be a full fledged state anymore. They reverted to territory that the United States<\/a> controls but that they its essential to a territorial status and therefore, congress now have the right to control it. That is one of the justifications. Not everyone agrees that that was true but its how they are going to make a constitutional argument. We are going to go over here. Daniel . What ended up happening to the top confederate leaders . They take away their citizenship . Did they have to leave the country . Yeah, will they did not have to leave the country though some did. So move to brazil which had slavery. There are still confederate monuments around. A lot of these folks, like Jefferson Davis<\/a> never got their citizenship back. That is a sore spot in some peoples minds. People who think the confederacy was an honorable cause. Jefferson these folks dont get their citizenship back. But because of johnsons for most people did get their citizenship back. The 14th amendment might say they cant set an office that, you know, there is a lot of people who eventually will get full citizenship again. Anything else . All right, i think you all for coming out and i see morning. I will post the assignment for next class where we tie some loose ends from last class. Thank you for coming. You are watching American History<\/a> tv. Every weekend on cspan3 explore our nations past. Cspan3, created by americas Cable Television<\/a> companies as a Public Service<\/a> and brought to you today by your television provider. Weeknights this month, we are featuring American History<\/a> tv programs as a preview of what is available every weekend on cspan3. The white d eisenhower memorial dedication ceremony takes place on thursday with the keynote address by Eisenhower Memorial Commission<\/a> chair center pat roberts and reporter remarks by former secretary of state condoleezza rice. The memorial honors the man who served two terms as the nations 34th president following his service in world war ii as Supreme Commander<\/a> of the allied Expeditionary Force<\/a> in europe. Watch friday beginning at eight eastern. Enjoy American History<\/a> tv this week and every weekend on cspan3. And now on American History<\/a> tv. Author William Blair<\/a> looks at how the 14th amendment was used after the civil war to punish former rebels for secession. He describes how the different sections of the amendment apply to voting laws, representation in congress and exclusion from public office, all of which, he argues,","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"archive.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":"800","height":"600","url":"\/\/ia601907.us.archive.org\/5\/items\/CSPAN3_20200918_021800_Lectures_in_History_Reconstruction__the_Origins_of_the_14th_Amendment\/CSPAN3_20200918_021800_Lectures_in_History_Reconstruction__the_Origins_of_the_14th_Amendment.thumbs\/CSPAN3_20200918_021800_Lectures_in_History_Reconstruction__the_Origins_of_the_14th_Amendment_000001.jpg"}},"autauthor":{"@type":"Organization"},"author":{"sameAs":"archive.org","name":"archive.org"}}],"coverageEndTime":"20240716T12:35:10+00:00"}