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Because my mother and father were teachers and we have some of the one perks of being a teacher is you get some extra summertime and use your extra summertime we will go all over the United States visiting our National Parks and seashore. I got to go to yellowstone and yosemite in the olympics in the everglades and we had a pontiac have Station Wagon and a trailer which i grew up in northwest ohio in the midwest. We would then just cozy the country. Hot as well as a boy. And it was hard. And wherever i went, i was so reinforced by picking up brochures like we used to do in those days. Honest, i would say that the place to buy a Theodore Roosevelt, who also had asthma as a boy. In which suffer mightily. So i identified with him and i realized he ended up, as i did more, looking to determine 34 million acres of wild america. He created the u. S. Fire. Service all these western National Forests where Theodore Roosevelt. He created 51 federal bird reservations with executive the 00s. They showed him that bars were being slaughtered in florida because of the feathers they wore. Anyone can we do have we speak between 19 circa 19 hundreds would have come this morning if you are a woman here with you weve come to a Public Lecture wearing a bomb it. With a father and. It because there was a feather mafia in florida. Theyre gonna labors down and they blocked their feathers. And they would also steal the eggs. All of the species were dying. Nothing screams a federal intervention more than certain environmental things. What does it do for the Ottawa Society of massachusetts to say where save a bird species because of our progressive politics and a vigorous Audubon Society and massachusetts just for those migratory birds to be shot willynilly and slaughtered in florida . Same with air. Does not do any good with air quality say we are a highway we have a stringent air quality. I grew up in toledo. We factories have to try to bring in dirt, over the ohio corridor. There have to be federal air quality. And what are qualities. And sewage treatments. None of this stuff came into the book i wrote. The point is i write a book called the wilderness lawyer, theodore was about and the crusade for america. All about that generation, he would call the first wave of environmentalism. With conservation there are differences. For our brief purposes, today lets use the word environment. First, reform. Wait 1901, 1909. It is the progressive era. Theater was with us said the conservation environmentalism has gotten to be the number one concern of our country. Even above his great white fleet being built in the navy. I wrote that book, and then when i didnt, i said there is one of the thing, franklin d. Roosevelt did it too. I know you have guys have all heard talk about florida roosevelt or fdr, but i will tell you one thing to know about him. It or roosevelt was the state went to, harvard fdr went to harvard. If your default was a state legislature in new york, fdr was state legislator in new york. Theodore roosevelt was governor of new york, fdr was governor of new york. Theodore roosevelt loved big navy, that was his obsession. Fdr had a big obsession with it. Theodore roosevelt said that most important thing, fdr said conservation is the most important thing in his first new deal act, a civilian conservation core, were in a void americans got paid 1 a day and planted three billion trees across america, because they had dreamed all of our wetlands. We have all of our forests. We have taken and create a dust bowl, ecological disaster all through the great plains quest. But i should also add, Theodore Roosevelt had a niche, named eleanor roosevelt, and fdr married her. They are tight. And when you deal with environmental conservation, those two president s are were giants, i wrote two books on them. So the book here, revolution. Is about the third wave. When suddenly, fdr created hundred states. It hundred. I can get into him saving big National Parks on the a which he did. He had all of the amounts of big ben where visitors were stationed, fdr, right while soldiers were invading normandy. Did not was not a game for the roosevelt environmental conservation. But heathrow of where didnt have a victory like that. Didnt have a figure like fdr or whoever he build out an obligation of what is his job . He would write tree farmer. Hes old Christmas Trees out of the he was born along the hudson river. Spent his life along the hudson, buried along the hudson. And really was the leader of what today we call the scenic hudson River Movement to protect that beautiful waterway. So, i had a problem, where to begin, who to focus on in this book. And ideally, i want to begin in 1960, john f. Kennedy is running for president , new frontier, if you look at the democratic flank that year, environment stuck in their very firmly. Because there was a feeling, correct feeling, that truman and eisenhower did not do enough on the National Resources or environment. It was all boom, boom, boom, postwar industrialization now kennedy was kind of going to be a timeout. And, a lot im the great california photographer brought out his book in 60 cold this is the american word Rachel Carson, where we mentioned them in, it was writing with a member of the new frontier of john f. Kennedy, writing environmental flakes for the democratic party. Being hosted by Ethel Kennedy, Bobby Kennedys wife. By jackie kennedy, you know, so i knew that where i was ending the book, because the third wave ended in 1973. Not even a question. It ended in 1973 with the triumph of the endangered species act, passing the senate in 92 to nothing. So when you hear what the liberal, it was american. And that same moment also to the week endangered species was the big closing legislation up 73, we have the oil embargo. Okay. Fear of gasoline prices, need for energy going high. Energy independence. And a counter revolution that developed, immediately to stop Rachael Carson environmentalism, that it got to, far went so far the wright said that nixon had become a new dealer. I will mention what they thought that. But out of that, the counter swing i will tell you about, it was for the American Enterprise institute. Heritage foundation. Koch brothers industries. Stacy brothers. You know . Any federalist society, they all are coming to save money, they dont like the federal government regulating them. It is an antifederal Regulation Movement that emerged out of the Environmental Movement. It starts petering out in 73. Now, i had two instead of kennedy began my book in 1945. I didnt want to, when i have people complained to me, they see how that my book is. I would have done that but because the real history began in the days after world war ii we talk about it as a victory over japan, the war has ended, we celebrated, and i would have been in the streets celebrating it. I have never criticize truman for his decision to drop the atomic bomb personally. But i never also criticized a lot of people i read to my book that said whoa, what does this mean to the planet . The great doctor won a nobel prize, and the man has just written his do. If this Nuclear Genie starts going around the world, oh my god and then, and then john hershey of the new yorker and other journalists started showing what radiation did to the people in japan. Skin melting or shows of what happens with and atomic bomb, and you became an Anti Nuclear Movement. The Anti Nuclear Movement got fined tuned to being anti nuclear testing. So im on the, both policy people were designing, how do we stop other countries from getting nuclear bombs, wealth, great. But theres a group of grassroots americans that became coffers with the Environmental Movement that stop blowing Nuclear Weapons up in about. From 1945 to 1992, the United States detonated 1054 nuclear tests. Okay . Nevada, boom, boom, boom. You think people in nevada cared . Cared about radiation . Now, atomic shaker in las vegas where you can see it snowing people were doing the atomic cocktail. Give me nuclear buggy will be, we were monopoly from 19 45 to 99, we are the only country in the world what nuclear opens. We are, usa. Then russia gets the bomb. And then its back and forth with the arms race. Meanwhile, we are testing, russia is testing, and the plan suffers from it. How did that anti Nuclear Group the biggest leader is William O Douglas, who i read about in the book, who became Supreme Court justice. 1937. Douglas has had rushed to say, no nagasaki, after he saw what it did in hiroshima, Supreme Court justice said dont drop one and nagasaki. Justice would go and climb the himalayas and become a buddhist. Justice, collecting buddhism, his all seasons hero, Henry David Thoreau. You know who was else against the bomb after the first one was dropped on catholic moral reasons . Joseph kennedy, who gets a lot of bad press for being a business guy. He wanted to get the pope involved, and bishops involved. Henry luce involved. To make sure there wasnt a second bomb dropped, for moral implication reasons. But another one, john f. Kennedy read by the waters over, but he immediately took to a writer named Norman Cousins, head of the separate review. And Norman Cousins was the first big major golds man obsolete due to Nuclear Weapons . A critical, if you read today, is pretty mild. But nevertheless, he was saying, this is not something that we should be celebrating. It is a big problem. Kennedy loved it. Jack kennedy, when you study like i have close, leave his career in the navy years beyond being was much more like Joseph Heller of catch 22, corresponding, slaughterhouse gaga. He saw an eternity of war its on objective has a chain of command things could go. And he was skeptical of the whole nuclear age. Yet he was another person opposed to the atomic bomb was Rachel Carson. For about nuclear tests. Rachel carson was from pennsylvania, a girl growing up on the banks of the Allegheny River. And the Allegheny River is a glue factory all around there. Dirty air, dirty river, its a beautiful river in western pennsylvania. She would go and collect pine cones and talk about nature in her book. She put her first to get published in st. Nicholas magazine. A magazine, constructed by the natural world, about the atmosphere. And her teachers started recognizing her through the gift of her science and nature. And literature. So she goes to a School Called win, in the pittsburgh area. In fact, she wants to be an oceanologist. For Ocean Science person and ive never seen an ocean. Even as you graduated from college. She got a fellowship to woods hole, massachusetts, which is in walking distance from john f. Kennedys home in high and support. And woods hole, if you havent heard about it, was the place if you wanted to study marine life. Today, here in lawyer, you have the university of california of san diego with scripts, where i live in texas, we have a university of texas has a marine center, gulf of mexico. Here, miamis booming, marine science. But where the influx rules when. Its like the advanced institute in princeton where brainiacs go to study. We would go there to withhold, and you would find studying the natural sea world. She started studying the migratory patterns of eagles. It caused a lot of people there was no women in the field of deals. And they do have remarkable journeys, ills, from africa all the way to the interior rivers of pennsylvania. And she started writing columns for the baltimore sun. She did an advanced degree in zoology at john hopkins. She gets hired in world war ii to write marine radio scripts for radio, about our shad populations, our fish stocks. Fun pieces events eruptions or ocean observation for radio. And we are kind of thing before npr was born. And she worked for fdr, got the new deal. And look team 46 she is writing a series called conservation action. If you won First Federal for address the radiance that Theodore Roosevelt created our todays u. S. Nation wildlife. Whereas just you guys, you all here, you owe 550 National Wildlife refuges. They are all around you hear. I love them. This is government at its best, protecting species, protecting always is. And we sometimes dont realize that this is a great gift we have got to these wildlife refugees. But she was writing the little buckets for them. You know, if you wanted to go distance, sunny bono, she would tell you what bird, what is going on in that ecosystem, great stuff. But she got two clues about world war ii. Being in government that were. One, it was the nuclear issue. The second, ddt. Because the other big advancement, it was the Manhattan Project on a losing that won the war surely is the ddt pesticides. If you were young Donald Kennedy or Richard Nixon or Lyndon Johnson, even on the pacific, and europe, but it made a big difference in the pacific. You have would have been doused with ddt, sprayed house. And i would have to, you and you would have to. It killed lice, it kills mosquitoes. It kills cortex. It is a miracle. It helped us. We would take planes, future environmentalists seem very calm, it was a genius for world war ii for a country that invented the device that was brady t appropriately administering it over vast islands in the pacific so our troops wouldnt be attack with malaria. The problem is, Rachel Carson being in government and working that u. S. Fishing wildlife, eat particularly maryland, where we have the national you guys National Wildlife research center. When we test chemicals on waterways and air is to see how it affects wildlife, meaning how it might affect us soon. And she knew ddt was toxic to fish and birds. She had read dreams of data, documents, piles, and so she decided that she was going to kind of be a whistleblower. Wanted to go public with readers digest. And they rejected her. They said no way. Why . Ddt was big business. It was one of the u. S. Department of agriculture, every farm in the United States was being sprayed with pesticides. It was considered a miracle. It was as big a powerful lobby and the Chemical Industry as oil and glass gas lobby today, it was huge. And so she got flummoxed, and Rachel Carson instead wrote three books. If none of you have read her the trilogy, three books about the sea life, they were being called to see around us. I love all three. You can get them in a convenience library of american books. One volume. I highly recommend it. Nobody writes about Ocean Conservation in the world of the ocean with the grace notes of racial carson. Thats a literary person. In my, mind there is Henry David Thoreau and Rachel Carson. And when you are really getting into how natural area. An extent, her redding is much more its like two levels advanced of any National Geographic writer or something. It is really special. And one of her big family fans where the Kennedy Family. He loved her book do you know john f. Kennedys mother grew up in cochrane, nasa just . Swimming, making, and going in the pond every day . Kennedy did not learn to swim in the ocean, they learned to swim at home. Did you realize that john f. Kennedys mother made a mission to russia to investigate whether thorough collecteds works were in the libraries and russia . Do you realize that her favorite but beyond and have a walking by thorough and was a book called cape cod. All about the utter cape, the outer cape that her son, john f. Ke