Transcripts For CSPAN3 Lectures 20240703 : vimarsana.com

The fact that it did have the desperation a language that is carried over, coming up, 250th anniversary of it, it is kind of remarkable that we do associate july 4th with this date. Yeah. I guess im three years early on this. It has been fun. Everyone, thank you for listening and watching to this level set of history as it happens. Yeah. Yeah. Good morning, folks. Good morning, everybody. Welcome. Welcome to our semesters. Final class of the american 1990s. Its good to see you all this morning. Today we are going to take up the contested zakk heists of the 1990 and well examine and discuss several ways in america 1990s. Good to see you all this morning. Today, we are going to take up a contested zeitgeist of the 1990s. Really examine and discuss several ways in which you can define the decade. A decade that saw the rise of the popular internet, that saw the first ever impeachments of an elected u. S. President , that saw spasms of deadly terror on american soil. The first, before we really get going, let me go over a few terms that will figure in our assessment. Those terms include zeitgeist. Zeitgeist is borrowed from german and refers to the defining or animating spirit of a period of time. The zeitgeist of the 90s in america is contested, and well seek to define that zeitgeist today. The term ipo also will figure in our discussions. Ipo, for our purposes, refers to the initial Public Offering of shares of communications in 1995. That was a california startup that made and marketed a breakthrough web browser in the mid90s, and its highly successful ipo is an additional Public Offering of shares from august of 1995, which had the effect of signaling to the world at large that there was money to be made on the internet. The ip of ipo of netscape also eliminated the web for millions of people, who were than just becoming acquainted with the online world. Well refer, as well, to the double murder case brought against former football star o. J. Simpson and when a time, in the mid90s, was called the trial of the century. Also, the case of the unabomber. This lone wolf terrorist harvard graduate who sent deadly packaged bombs to his targets periodically, from 1978 to 1995, and we the refer to federal crime legislation, sponsored and pushed by then senator joe biden, which became law in 1994, during the presidency of bill clinton, and this crime legislation has been criticized since then for disproportionately targeting minorities. Well make reference, as well, to the genocide in rwanda, 1994. When 800,000 people were slaughtered in a period of 100 days in a gruesome ethnic driven murder spree that western nations did nothing to stop. Well also mentioned the y2k phenomenon, the y2k fears, which were that, at the end of the decade, end of 1999, as the calendar switched to the year 2000, computers would have trouble recognizing the and vent of the new millennium, and with think that it was the year 1900 instead, and if that happened, the fear was that everything computerbased would go haywire. The y2k fear. So, lets consider the zeitgeist, the aloof and elusive zeitgeist of the 90s, and take a look at some of the descriptions we will go over later today. Are the 90s best identified as the internet decade . Is it the decade of spectacle . The terrorism decade . The clintondominated decade . Was it the seinfeld decade . Were the 90s the seinfeld decade, or were they the coolest decade, or were they the best decade ever . Or was there Something Else . Is the zeitgeist of the 1990s defined by some other term or characterization . Again, the zeitgeist is the defining spirit of the time, of the 90s, for our purposes. So, lets take a look, and let me say, atthe outset, that this presentation is draw in part, from the content of my 2015 book about the year 1995, published by university of california press. The book describes major events that year and those events and of elements resonate an reverberate in american life, and 95notably, the year in which the internet wefrom a vague and dicuriosity to a phenomenon that would change and alter the way people work, shop, learn, indicate, and interact. So, was it, to start with, the internet decade . Is that the proper way to define and characterize the zeitgeist of the 1990s . What do you say . Any thoughts . The 1990s as the internet decade. Well, thanks. Yeah. I mean, i think before the internet, but for how we use it and how it is, i would say, that is more appropriate to the internet. Now, you mean, it is more likely the Internet Time than 20sum or 30 years ago . Yes. Okay. Okay. Michael . Looking there, the thing that we can associate with the internet now, google, and by the late90s, i think that was the notion, that its there, until the 2000s. Do you think it may have been too primitive back in the 90s, at least compared to the internet now . May be more computers at the time. Good. Any other thoughts about the 90s as the internet decade . Okay. Lets take a look at some of the arguments for the notion, and its undeniable that there were real breakthroughs in the 90s, in terms of making the online world accessible. Im thinking, here, of the emergence of web browsers. Netscapes navigator and microsofts Internet Explorer were two ways in which people began to access the online world. They didnt need the code, but anything but an internet connection, computer, and web browsing software. And, it is important to keep in mind how really impressive some of the online entities of the online world that we know today trace their roots to the 1990s. Amazon. Com started selling books online in july of 1995. But its interesting how almost no one noticed when amazon opened for Business Online in 1995, selling books. A very modest start to this entity that became huge within the 20 or 30year period. Craigslist traces its origins to the mid1990s, attracting what newspapers used to refer to as classified advertisement, and relied on it for a lot of their advertising revenues. Craigslist became a dominant force, began in the bay area in san francisco, and expected, of course, acss the country. Google started, was launched in 1998. So, you can see that these were three important entities, important to us, today, that have their roots in the 1990s. And the ipo that Netscape Communications launched in august of 1995 had the effect of eliminating the web for the world, and al signaling that there was money to be ma online. There was money to be made online. And of course, the onli world in the 90s was primitive. No doubt about it. We needed to access the web through a dial up connection, a funky dialup connection. But this clearly was the launchpad, the launchpad of the internet, the popular internet. Lets take some arguments against this notion that the 90s were the internet decade. It was a primitive online world back in that time. Really, only vaguely, does the online world of the 90s resemble we know as the internet today. Only they believe its familiar. Portability and social media, of course, which are common features of the contemporary online world, were best at best vaguely anticipated in the 1990s. Now was a time when the killer app, the internet, was email. Casualties were many among th prominent startups on prominent entities of the 90s netscape lost to crosoft, crushed by microsoft, in at were called the browser wars of the late 1990s. When microsoft mustered all of its resources, trained them on this upstart, netscape mmunications, and effectively crushed them. Microsoft, some antrust trouble that it successfully dodged in the early2000s. Nonetheless, there was some ntversial measures that microsoft took to crush netscape, iceventually was acquired by america online, and then proceeded to be disappeared by aol. Alta vista used to be e gotwo web Search Engine in the 90s, but by the early 2000s, it was gone, mostly forgotten, superseded by google. Alta vista is mored today as a nostalcartifact of the 1990s. , too, is prodigy, which was a popular dialup information service, kind of ke the internet on training eels. Prodigy waa popular way to get online in the 90s. Didnt make much money. Really did not survive the decade. The point here is that some of the online entities that began and started up in the 90s were prominent during the decade but didnt survive very long. So, lets move on to another possible characterization, definition, of 90s. The 90s as the decade of spectacle. Maybe thats the defining zeitgeist of the decade. Think about some of the cases of the 1990s. The o. J. Simpson trial of 1995. The case began in 1994, unschooled throughout most of the year of 1995, and was an obsession. It was an obsession for the american population, for many parts of the american population, in 1995. Oj was a very popular former football star, pitch man, and movie actor, who was accused of fatally stabbing his wife and her friend outside her condominium in los angeles in 1994. The trial was televised, and it gripped america. It was, as they say, an obsession as it continued over most of the year, 1995. And the trial, which ended in o. J. Simpsons acquittal on both counts, both murder counts, left us with a number of areas that remain popular, if you will. Perhaps the most prominent, perhaps the decades most important, in quotation, it doesnt sit, you must equip. A line used in the closing ordinance by Johnny Cochran, who was ojs lead defense lawyer. And it was a reference to the witness clauses that were used, supposedly, by the killer of these two people, and during the trial, prosecution had oj try on the gloves, and they couldnt, and they didnt fit Johnny Cochran remembered that episode, and invoked it in his closing arguments. It doesnt fit, you must acquit. Perhaps the bestknown single line of the 1990s. Another spectacle of the 90s, clearly, was that of the impeachment and trial of bill clinton, 1998, 1999. Clinton was the first u. S. Elected president ever to be impeached, put on trial. He was acquitted at trial before the u. S. Senate, but the spectacle s unprecedented. He faced charges of obstruction of justice, of perjury, stemmingfrom his intermittent affair with a former intern, years his junior. He was acquitted, as i say, but the former intern, Monica Lewinsky, was shamed and shunned. Only inrecent years has emerged from the shadows. The case had the effect of deepening partisan divides, partisan bitterness in the country. Those divides, those cleavages, have become only more pronounced in the years since the 1990s. So, this partisan recreate, in some respects, can be traced to the clinton spectacle of impeachment, trial, of a sitting u. S. President. There are more spectacles of the 90s too. Cases of terrorism, including the Oklahoma City bombing in april of 1995. That was an, essentially, a lone wolf terrorist attack that killed 160 people, most of them in the target building, federal office building, in Oklahoma City. Among the victims fatal victims 19 children, 15 of whom were in the Federal Building at a daycare center. This remains, to this day, the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in u. S. History. The was preceded by exactly 2 years by the fiery assaults undertaken by federal agents under the compound of the deputy insect near waco, texas. The branch davidians, suspected of harboring and amassing a store of illegal weapons. Federal authorities failed in several attempts to try to get them to surrender those weapons. This ultimately led, in april of 1993, to this fiery assault on the compound in which more than 75 people were killed. The gulf war of 199091, was also a spectacle in some respects. This was a u. S. Led military action to expel iraqi forces that had invaded and occupied neighboring kuwait in august of 1990. The u. S. Ledcoalition, in early 1991, expelled the iraqi forces from their occupation in kuwait. The war featured video of showing precision bombing lines, attacks, precisn airstrikes by u. S. Aircraft on targets in iraq and in kuwait, and ev more of a spectacle related to the gulf wawas the victory parade in washington, d. C. In june of 1991, which featured tanks in the streets of washington, d. C. The decade of spectacle. So, why wasnt it the decade of spectacle . Well, no decade is without its spectacles, and the terrorist attacks of 9 11 really cement that argument. They eclipsed any 90s act of terrorism in lethality, in their awful theatricality, with nearly the 30 People Killed that day, september 11th, 2001, anthe coordinated attacks on the 20 hours in new york city, and on the pentagon. The year 2000 brought an unmatched political spectacle in the United States. There s a disputed outcome of the race betwn george bush and Vice President al gore. This dispute, centered around th contested outcome in florida, where, officially, bush, with his 537 votes ahead of gore whoever won florida wins the election, wins the electoral college, and is sworn in as resident. This dispute went on for more than a month, a spectacle of an unsettled president ial unresolved president ial election wasnt decided until almost middecember, 2000, when the Supreme Court essentially decided the outcome in a 54 vote. And the spectacle of impeachment, of course, was a 90s phenomenon, but it was even more of a phenomenon in the 2000s. Donald trump was impeached twice by the house of representatives. Twice tried, and twice acquitted so, impeachment is a spec spectacle, then this one trumps clintons. So, was this the terrorism decade . Was this the decade of terrorism . Lets have a look. It is striking. It really is striking how awful and dramatically terrorism acts of terrorism intruded on the 1990s. Doing so in diverse and deadly ways. The World Trade Center bombing in 1993, truck bombing, sought to topple the north tower into the south tower, which didnt happen. Six people were killed in this attack, february of 1993, and it was a precursor. Although, we didnt know it at the time, it was a precursor to 9 11. Terrorists and did target the twin towers and brought them down. The Oklahoma City truck bombing of 1995 was another moment in terrorism in the United States. In fact, it was remains the deadliest act of domestic terror in american history. 160 people were killed. The atlantic olympics pipe bomb attacks in 1996 was not the case of terrorism intruding on the 90s, and in this instance, it led to a false accusation against the person who discovered the bomb and tried to clear the area at Centennial Park in atlanta, clearly area in july of 1996. Security guard, richard tool, later was falsely accused by the fbi and the local newspaper in atlanta as being the suspect. For having a set plan, it was a false accusation. Jill had to live like this for quite a while. And the Columbine High School shooting, the massacre at columbine april of 1999, shootings and attempted bombings represent another moment of domestic terrorism. Of course, there was the abomber. The unabomber. This recluse liveina cabin, a crude cabin in monta,who periodically would make and send packaged bombs to hivictims, to his targets. Hebegan this intermittent spree in 1978, and continued ti 1995. Total of three people were killed during these intermittent bombings, and he continued until he sent to the ewyork times, and the shgton post, his socalled manifesto, and told the ne papers that he would continue tobomb people unless th published his manifesto. After considerable deba, t times and the post decided to split the publication costs on publicizing and publishing the unombers manifesto. That publication was very controversial at the time, 1995, but that led to the unabombers arrest. His unabomber, sisterinlaw, recognized some of the writings in this manifesto, thought it very much resembled ted kaczynskis. Eventually, the brother the sisterinlaw eventually alerted authorities, who arrested kaczynski at his cabin in 1996. So, what are some of the arguments against the notion that the 90s can be described as the terrorism decade . The 90s clearly set in motion, or accelerated, a National Psychology fear about terrorism, and the prospects of a terrorist attack, but the attacks, the ones we have described, and to be its frequent. They were not commonplace in the 90s by any means. And the vulnerabilities of the United States in the 90s was not very wellrecognized, even after osama bin laden, ahead of the al qaeda terrorist group, declared war on the United States in 1996. Even then, those threats were not taken terribly seriously. The twin towers were attacked 2001 to a tremendous loss of life. So,what do you guys think . Is the terrorism decade an appropriate way to describe the niang these, or is it too constrained . An important element of the 90s, but maybe not defining it. I. Its kind of premature to state that here. As weve seen an increase in terror attacks and mass shooting ava . I think, similarly to what he people previously said about the internet decade, or define the decade as the internet decade, its kind of premature to state that, here, as we have seen an increase in terror attacks and Mass Shootings, you know, and other events of terror in the last two decades, rather than in the 90s. I think, yes, all this is the introduction to a few decades of terror, i wouldnt say that this is the defining feature of the decade. If it were the sort of planting the seeds, if you will, for the decades to follow, in terms of terrorist attacks, counterterrorist attacks, wouldnt that be enough to characterize it as a terrorism decade . I disagree. I think theres definitely other terms that would be better used to describe this decade, and i think that looking at the amount of terrorist attacks, the 2020 10s, and probably will we will see the next decade, i think its incomparable, and yes, while at the plant seeds, i dont think, as you said, they were very few and far between. So, i think that its just not necessarily its premature. Okay. All right. Other thoughts as the 90s as the terrorism decade. Kayla . I agree. Maybe too narrow to describe an entire decade as the terrorism decade, especially the 90s itself. With the internet decade, i think that when it leads into maybe decades that can be described as an internet or terrorism decade. I dont know if you can describe the 90s. Maybe its the lead up to those. Again, just the way that it may have established its Public Offering<\/a> of shares of communications in 1995. That was a california startup that made and marketed a breakthrough web browser in the mid90s, and its highly successful ipo is an additional Public Offering<\/a> of shares from august of 1995, which had the effect of signaling to the world at large that there was money to be made on the internet. The ip of ipo of netscape also eliminated the web for millions of people, who were than just becoming acquainted with the online world. Well refer, as well, to the double murder case brought against former football star o. J. Simpson and when a time, in the mid90s, was called the trial of the century. Also, the case of the unabomber. This lone wolf terrorist harvard graduate who sent deadly packaged bombs to his targets periodically, from 1978 to 1995, and we the refer to federal crime legislation, sponsored and pushed by then senator joe biden, which became law in 1994, during the presidency of bill clinton, and this crime legislation has been criticized since then for disproportionately targeting minorities. Well make reference, as well, to the genocide in rwanda, 1994. When 800,000 people were slaughtered in a period of 100 days in a gruesome ethnic driven murder spree that western nations did nothing to stop. Well also mentioned the y2k phenomenon, the y2k fears, which were that, at the end of the decade, end of 1999, as the calendar switched to the year 2000, computers would have trouble recognizing the and vent of the new millennium, and with think that it was the year 1900 instead, and if that happened, the fear was that everything computerbased would go haywire. The y2k fear. So, lets consider the zeitgeist, the aloof and elusive zeitgeist of the 90s, and take a look at some of the descriptions we will go over later today. Are the 90s best identified as the internet decade . Is it the decade of spectacle . The terrorism decade . The clintondominated decade . Was it the seinfeld decade . Were the 90s the seinfeld decade, or were they the coolest decade, or were they the best decade ever . Or was there Something Else<\/a> . Is the zeitgeist of the 1990s defined by some other term or characterization . Again, the zeitgeist is the defining spirit of the time, of the 90s, for our purposes. So, lets take a look, and let me say, atthe outset, that this presentation is draw in part, from the content of my 2015 book about the year 1995, published by university of california press. The book describes major events that year and those events and of elements resonate an reverberate in american life, and 95notably, the year in which the internet wefrom a vague and dicuriosity to a phenomenon that would change and alter the way people work, shop, learn, indicate, and interact. So, was it, to start with, the internet decade . Is that the proper way to define and characterize the zeitgeist of the 1990s . What do you say . Any thoughts . The 1990s as the internet decade. Well, thanks. Yeah. I mean, i think before the internet, but for how we use it and how it is, i would say, that is more appropriate to the internet. Now, you mean, it is more likely the Internet Time<\/a> than 20sum or 30 years ago . Yes. Okay. Okay. Michael . Looking there, the thing that we can associate with the internet now, google, and by the late90s, i think that was the notion, that its there, until the 2000s. Do you think it may have been too primitive back in the 90s, at least compared to the internet now . May be more computers at the time. Good. Any other thoughts about the 90s as the internet decade . Okay. Lets take a look at some of the arguments for the notion, and its undeniable that there were real breakthroughs in the 90s, in terms of making the online world accessible. Im thinking, here, of the emergence of web browsers. Netscapes navigator and microsofts Internet Explorer<\/a> were two ways in which people began to access the online world. They didnt need the code, but anything but an internet connection, computer, and web browsing software. And, it is important to keep in mind how really impressive some of the online entities of the online world that we know today trace their roots to the 1990s. Amazon. Com started selling books online in july of 1995. But its interesting how almost no one noticed when amazon opened for Business Online<\/a> in 1995, selling books. A very modest start to this entity that became huge within the 20 or 30year period. Craigslist traces its origins to the mid1990s, attracting what newspapers used to refer to as classified advertisement, and relied on it for a lot of their advertising revenues. Craigslist became a dominant force, began in the bay area in san francisco, and expected, of course, acss the country. Google started, was launched in 1998. So, you can see that these were three important entities, important to us, today, that have their roots in the 1990s. And the ipo that Netscape Communications<\/a> launched in august of 1995 had the effect of eliminating the web for the world, and al signaling that there was money to be ma online. There was money to be made online. And of course, the onli world in the 90s was primitive. No doubt about it. We needed to access the web through a dial up connection, a funky dialup connection. But this clearly was the launchpad, the launchpad of the internet, the popular internet. Lets take some arguments against this notion that the 90s were the internet decade. It was a primitive online world back in that time. Really, only vaguely, does the online world of the 90s resemble we know as the internet today. Only they believe its familiar. Portability and social media, of course, which are common features of the contemporary online world, were best at best vaguely anticipated in the 1990s. Now was a time when the killer app, the internet, was email. Casualties were many among th prominent startups on prominent entities of the 90s netscape lost to crosoft, crushed by microsoft, in at were called the browser wars of the late 1990s. When microsoft mustered all of its resources, trained them on this upstart, netscape mmunications, and effectively crushed them. Microsoft, some antrust trouble that it successfully dodged in the early2000s. Nonetheless, there was some ntversial measures that microsoft took to crush netscape, iceventually was acquired by america online, and then proceeded to be disappeared by aol. Alta vista used to be e gotwo web Search Engine<\/a> in the 90s, but by the early 2000s, it was gone, mostly forgotten, superseded by google. Alta vista is mored today as a nostalcartifact of the 1990s. , too, is prodigy, which was a popular dialup information service, kind of ke the internet on training eels. Prodigy waa popular way to get online in the 90s. Didnt make much money. Really did not survive the decade. The point here is that some of the online entities that began and started up in the 90s were prominent during the decade but didnt survive very long. So, lets move on to another possible characterization, definition, of 90s. The 90s as the decade of spectacle. Maybe thats the defining zeitgeist of the decade. Think about some of the cases of the 1990s. The o. J. Simpson trial of 1995. The case began in 1994, unschooled throughout most of the year of 1995, and was an obsession. It was an obsession for the american population, for many parts of the american population, in 1995. Oj was a very popular former football star, pitch man, and movie actor, who was accused of fatally stabbing his wife and her friend outside her condominium in los angeles in 1994. The trial was televised, and it gripped america. It was, as they say, an obsession as it continued over most of the year, 1995. And the trial, which ended in o. J. Simpsons acquittal on both counts, both murder counts, left us with a number of areas that remain popular, if you will. Perhaps the most prominent, perhaps the decades most important, in quotation, it doesnt sit, you must equip. A line used in the closing ordinance by Johnny Cochran<\/a>, who was ojs lead defense lawyer. And it was a reference to the witness clauses that were used, supposedly, by the killer of these two people, and during the trial, prosecution had oj try on the gloves, and they couldnt, and they didnt fit Johnny Cochran<\/a> remembered that episode, and invoked it in his closing arguments. It doesnt fit, you must acquit. Perhaps the bestknown single line of the 1990s. Another spectacle of the 90s, clearly, was that of the impeachment and trial of bill clinton, 1998, 1999. Clinton was the first u. S. Elected president ever to be impeached, put on trial. He was acquitted at trial before the u. S. Senate, but the spectacle s unprecedented. He faced charges of obstruction of justice, of perjury, stemmingfrom his intermittent affair with a former intern, years his junior. He was acquitted, as i say, but the former intern, Monica Lewinsky<\/a>, was shamed and shunned. Only inrecent years has emerged from the shadows. The case had the effect of deepening partisan divides, partisan bitterness in the country. Those divides, those cleavages, have become only more pronounced in the years since the 1990s. So, this partisan recreate, in some respects, can be traced to the clinton spectacle of impeachment, trial, of a sitting u. S. President. There are more spectacles of the 90s too. Cases of terrorism, including the Oklahoma City<\/a> bombing in april of 1995. That was an, essentially, a lone wolf terrorist attack that killed 160 people, most of them in the target building, federal office building, in Oklahoma City<\/a>. Among the victims fatal victims 19 children, 15 of whom were in the Federal Building<\/a> at a daycare center. This remains, to this day, the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in u. S. History. The was preceded by exactly 2 years by the fiery assaults undertaken by federal agents under the compound of the deputy insect near waco, texas. The branch davidians, suspected of harboring and amassing a store of illegal weapons. Federal authorities failed in several attempts to try to get them to surrender those weapons. This ultimately led, in april of 1993, to this fiery assault on the compound in which more than 75 people were killed. The gulf war of 199091, was also a spectacle in some respects. This was a u. S. Led military action to expel iraqi forces that had invaded and occupied neighboring kuwait in august of 1990. The u. S. Ledcoalition, in early 1991, expelled the iraqi forces from their occupation in kuwait. The war featured video of showing precision bombing lines, attacks, precisn airstrikes by u. S. Aircraft on targets in iraq and in kuwait, and ev more of a spectacle related to the gulf wawas the victory parade in washington, d. C. In june of 1991, which featured tanks in the streets of washington, d. C. The decade of spectacle. So, why wasnt it the decade of spectacle . Well, no decade is without its spectacles, and the terrorist attacks of 9 11 really cement that argument. They eclipsed any 90s act of terrorism in lethality, in their awful theatricality, with nearly the 30 People Killed<\/a> that day, september 11th, 2001, anthe coordinated attacks on the 20 hours in new york city, and on the pentagon. The year 2000 brought an unmatched political spectacle in the United States<\/a>. There s a disputed outcome of the race betwn george bush and Vice President<\/a> al gore. This dispute, centered around th contested outcome in florida, where, officially, bush, with his 537 votes ahead of gore whoever won florida wins the election, wins the electoral college, and is sworn in as resident. This dispute went on for more than a month, a spectacle of an unsettled president ial unresolved president ial election wasnt decided until almost middecember, 2000, when the Supreme Court<\/a> essentially decided the outcome in a 54 vote. And the spectacle of impeachment, of course, was a 90s phenomenon, but it was even more of a phenomenon in the 2000s. Donald trump was impeached twice by the house of representatives. Twice tried, and twice acquitted so, impeachment is a spec spectacle, then this one trumps clintons. So, was this the terrorism decade . Was this the decade of terrorism . Lets have a look. It is striking. It really is striking how awful and dramatically terrorism acts of terrorism intruded on the 1990s. Doing so in diverse and deadly ways. The World Trade Center<\/a> bombing in 1993, truck bombing, sought to topple the north tower into the south tower, which didnt happen. Six people were killed in this attack, february of 1993, and it was a precursor. Although, we didnt know it at the time, it was a precursor to 9 11. Terrorists and did target the twin towers and brought them down. The Oklahoma City<\/a> truck bombing of 1995 was another moment in terrorism in the United States<\/a>. In fact, it was remains the deadliest act of domestic terror in american history. 160 people were killed. The atlantic olympics pipe bomb attacks in 1996 was not the case of terrorism intruding on the 90s, and in this instance, it led to a false accusation against the person who discovered the bomb and tried to clear the area at Centennial Park<\/a> in atlanta, clearly area in july of 1996. Security guard, richard tool, later was falsely accused by the fbi and the local newspaper in atlanta as being the suspect. For having a set plan, it was a false accusation. Jill had to live like this for quite a while. And the Columbine High School<\/a> shooting, the massacre at columbine april of 1999, shootings and attempted bombings represent another moment of domestic terrorism. Of course, there was the abomber. The unabomber. This recluse liveina cabin, a crude cabin in monta,who periodically would make and send packaged bombs to hivictims, to his targets. Hebegan this intermittent spree in 1978, and continued ti 1995. Total of three people were killed during these intermittent bombings, and he continued until he sent to the ewyork times, and the shgton post, his socalled manifesto, and told the ne papers that he would continue tobomb people unless th published his manifesto. After considerable deba, t times and the post decided to split the publication costs on publicizing and publishing the unombers manifesto. That publication was very controversial at the time, 1995, but that led to the unabombers arrest. His unabomber, sisterinlaw, recognized some of the writings in this manifesto, thought it very much resembled ted kaczynskis. Eventually, the brother the sisterinlaw eventually alerted authorities, who arrested kaczynski at his cabin in 1996. So, what are some of the arguments against the notion that the 90s can be described as the terrorism decade . The 90s clearly set in motion, or accelerated, a National Psychology<\/a> fear about terrorism, and the prospects of a terrorist attack, but the attacks, the ones we have described, and to be its frequent. They were not commonplace in the 90s by any means. And the vulnerabilities of the United States<\/a> in the 90s was not very wellrecognized, even after osama bin laden, ahead of the al qaeda terrorist group, declared war on the United States<\/a> in 1996. Even then, those threats were not taken terribly seriously. The twin towers were attacked 2001 to a tremendous loss of life. So,what do you guys think . Is the terrorism decade an appropriate way to describe the niang these, or is it too constrained . An important element of the 90s, but maybe not defining it. I. Its kind of premature to state that here. As weve seen an increase in terror attacks and mass shooting ava . I think, similarly to what he people previously said about the internet decade, or define the decade as the internet decade, its kind of premature to state that, here, as we have seen an increase in terror attacks and Mass Shootings<\/a>, you know, and other events of terror in the last two decades, rather than in the 90s. I think, yes, all this is the introduction to a few decades of terror, i wouldnt say that this is the defining feature of the decade. If it were the sort of planting the seeds, if you will, for the decades to follow, in terms of terrorist attacks, counterterrorist attacks, wouldnt that be enough to characterize it as a terrorism decade . I disagree. I think theres definitely other terms that would be better used to describe this decade, and i think that looking at the amount of terrorist attacks, the 2020 10s, and probably will we will see the next decade, i think its incomparable, and yes, while at the plant seeds, i dont think, as you said, they were very few and far between. So, i think that its just not necessarily its premature. Okay. All right. Other thoughts as the 90s as the terrorism decade. Kayla . I agree. Maybe too narrow to describe an entire decade as the terrorism decade, especially the 90s itself. With the internet decade, i think that when it leads into maybe decades that can be described as an internet or terrorism decade. I dont know if you can describe the 90s. Maybe its the lead up to those. Again, just the way that it may have established its National Psychology<\/a> of fear. I would definitely agree with that or the fact that they would come place. We have seen Mass Shootings<\/a> take away so quickly, it is a most like they are instantly forgotten in our minds, they are so frequent. I think, because of that, i dont know that terrorism is what i would use to describe the 1990s, even though it could be considered a feeder into future decades of terror. But with the establishment or the origins of a National Psychology<\/a> of fear the enough, sufficient, to say, yeah, because of that, the 90s were a decade of terror . I think feeding that and establishing then that isnt necessarily what completely defines that to develop as a fear for the 90s. I wouldnt say, that is what describe the entire 1990s, even if that is what contributed to future perspectives, fear of the United States<\/a>. Natosha . I think we have discussed too much about the nostalgia and a lot of the positive things that people remember about the 90s, as well as calling it the coolest decade that we will get to, to describe it as the terrorism decade. I feel like that is too negative a term, and when were characterizing the decade, you do have to consider how people remember it, and i dont think that if you asked most people, that is what they would remember from the 90s. Oklahoma city. Folks there, geez, thats when their future began, essentially. 90s never really ended from the terrorist attack there. The unabomber is remembered, perhaps vaguely nowadays, but as a lone wolf terrorism as something we have still dealt with. Me and that the bombing, the atlanta olympics bombing, that is the most important, if you will, international sporting. These are unmatched moments of terrorism. So, wouldnt they be enough to make the arguments for terrorism . The olympics have been attacked before. None of those are as significant as 9 11, and 9 11 alone is enough to say that the 90s cant be the terrorism decade. Okay. Real quickly, austin . Yeah. Just sort of echo the points of other people. I think that the terrorism i personally think the terrorism decade is an apt way to describe the 90s. I think it does sort of get close to describing the spirit of the 90s, but i do think that there are more apt terms that were probably going to get into later. I dont want to jump the gun, but i think terrorism, probably third or fourth on the list for terms that can effectively describe the 90s. You dont think this is the zeitgeist term for the 90s . No. Not quite. Okay. How about the clintondominated decade . How about this . Theres no denying that bill clinton was a Major Political<\/a> force of the 90s, the most Political Force<\/a> of the 90s, arguably. His terms in office span most of the decade. The first democratic president to win two elections since resident franklin roosevelt. He presided over a relatively calm period in american political life. The economy, then, in the 90s grew aggressily, especially in the second half of the decade, fueled, in large measure, by the emergi internet economy. Hegoverned as a moderate. He governed as a moderate, not as a heavy partisan on one side or another. He notably declared in one of his state of the union addres is the era of Big Government<\/a> is over. He did envision a lien, more effective federal government. To that end, federal government budgets were balanced in the late 1990s. Unthinkable, unheard of today. Welfare reform was performed and enacted, and no denying some of the republicans of the Clinton Administration<\/a> in the 90s. But they were against the notion that this was the clintondominated decade. His failures, lapses, peko dealios way significantly against this argument. The rwandan genocide in 1994. Clinton later said tens of thousands of people, their lives could have been saved with pumped military action, which didnt happen. His defense of marriage act, which was federal legislation, claimed not to really wholeheartedly endorse, but nonetheless, signed this legislation which defined marriage as a union of man and woman. He signed this in the middle of the night in september of 1996 as the campaign for reelection unfolded. In the middle of the night. Tries to not attract attention to his signing off, and yet, nonetheless, he okayed the airing of radio ads in the south that mentioned his support of the defense of marriage act. Tried to have it both ways in this one for some respect for the crime legislation spearheaded, promoted, pushed by joe biden, then senator, was signed and approved during the Clinton Administration<\/a>, and has disproportionately taeted minorities, has led to mass incarcation, and clintons lies under oath during the erging moment of the Clinton Lewinsky<\/a> sex d lies scandal that broke in 1998, his lies under oath about Monica Lewinsky<\/a> led to his impeachment in 1998. And years later, tried to characterize as a stocker, as someone who came onto him. So, i believe its safe to say that the 90s were defined by more than bill clinton and his presidency. Was it may be the seinfeld decade . Was it the seinfeld decade . Is that the zeitgeist of the 90s . This was a popular sitcom starring comedian jerry seinfeld. It aired on nbc for much of the decade. And it has been criticized, sometimes, as being a show about nothing. But some critics, savvy critics, have insisted otherwise, that it was a show about everything. That it was a show about everything. That seinfeld gave the american landscape a satire bath every week, scaring, poking fun at, taking on a range of social norms, conventions of absurdities. Its not a show about nothing. It was a show about everything. Everything in the 1990s. And it led to the production of distinctive phrases with us in respect to this day. Yada, yada, yada, no soup for you, and if every instinct you have is wrong, then the opposite would have to be right. Arguments for the seinfeld decade, the 90s as a seinfeld decade, but of course, there are arguments against that notion. In a way, it was a show about nothing. It was a show about nothing. More than a few episodes were tedious, unfunny, hard to get through, and didnt tell us many of the shows, didnt tell us much about the 1990s. There was the ageist show called the old man, loud and chaotic, really had little to do with the american 1990s. Also a maledominated program with few minority programs, one of them did, with the character, jackie childs, who was based upon, loosely, based upon Johnny Cochran<\/a>, who was the lead defense lawyer in the o. J. Simpson trl. And it was usually pretty self aware when it was making its casual insults. The elaine character trieto convert a man. There was a season, final season episode, called puerto rican day parade. Abysmal episode in which the kramer character, one of Jerry Seinfelds<\/a> buddies, stomped on a puerto rican flag. So, i think a powerful argument can be made that the seinfeld decade is not an appropriate way to characterize the 90s zeitgeist. So, is it the clueless decade . This, of course, is a term borrowed from the 1995 sleeper hit clueless. And the characterization celess decade suggests america essentially went to sleep after the end of the cold war with the collapse of the soviet unioin 1991. Then, america then took a holiday fr history. Really, then failed toconfront or recognize a festering problem that were to blow up later an blow up in the next decade. Essentially, america kicked the can down the road. E problems were deferred, and one moment, at the end of the cade, the y2k scare really does, in a way, suggest a cluelessness of americans at the time in the late 1990 this, of course, reflected the widespad concern thatas the decade ended, as the year2000 began, computers would go haywire, because they would fail to recognize the new millennium and think, instead, it was the year 1900. It didnt happen, but there were many precautions taken, many billions of dollars spent to prevent the specter of y2k. An example, perhaps, of 90s clueless. Sowhat are some argument against that e 90s were the clueless decade . I say, this teed to criticize americans of the 1990s for no knowing then what we know now. About terrorism, about technology, other topics. The fallacy the present, i think, looks in the characterization the 90s as the clueles decade, applying contemporary standards, standards of our time to expectations, the people, to events of the past. Expectg em to know what we know. And to embrace will be recognize as standards and values of these. And all one could argue that, indeed, u. S. Efforts against terrorism abroadwe uneven, at best, homegrown terrorism, Oklahoma City<\/a> bombing, the atlanta olympics bombing, two cases. The unit bommer is anotr. Homegrown terrorism received a lot more attention from authorities in the 90s than the specr of international terrorism, and im not so sure the u. S. Was completely clueless abroad either, because it organized a coalition in the rl 90s to expesaddam hussein and his forces from kuwait, the neighboring country they had invaded in august of 1990. This u. S. Led coalition was unsuccessful. It was broughtbased. 39 countries were recruited to this coalition, including australia, britain, egypt, france, saudi arabia. It was an international, diplomatic effort that the United States<\/a> spearheaded and successfully expelled the iraqis from kuwait. So, i would argue that the United States<\/a> was not entirely clueless about some of the major events and pressures and demands of the time. So, if not the coolest decade, maybe it was the best decade ever. The best decade ever. This was a characterization that appeared in the New York Times<\/a> commentary in 2019 that made this claim, the 90s or the best decade ever, and it noted that the 90s were a time of prosperity. After a very sharp, early in the decade recession, the American Economy<\/a> grew by an average of 4 a year after 1992 to 1999. 4 a year is pretty strong economic growth. The Median Household Income<\/a> in the country grew by 29 during the decade. Stocks quadrupled in value, and the commentary noted that peace, prosperity, and order in american culture, vibrant, healthy during the 1990s. The best decade ever. Of course, theres some arguments to be raised against this. A tempting characterization. Tempting to look back, steeped in nostalgia to say that 90s were the best decade ever. It is, though, a highly selective, highly selective characterization, one that overlooks a great deal. The rwanda genocide is only mentioned parenthetically in this commentary in the New York Times<\/a>. Crime bill of 1994, which cited mass incarceration in the country, not mentioned at all in the commentary, nor were there the cases of domestic terrorism, new york, Oklahoma City<\/a>, and atlanta, all of which, these cases of terrorism, all of which posed on these challenges to the best of her arguments. So, what a way to make of all of this . Are the 90s best characterized as the internet decade . The decade of spectacle . Terrorist decade . Clintondominated decade . Seinfeld decade . Clueless decade . Best decade ever . Or Something Else<\/a> . Maybe the dramatic decade. What do you think, folks . Go ahead, tosha. Im going to kind of personify the 90s a little bit, and i would like to call it a teenager decade. The teenage decade . Yes. And i think this is because it has a lot of characteristics of being a teenager. So, you can have that the decade . Yes. Im personifying the decade as a teenage decade. Okay. Theres business, maybe the potential look back with nostalgia, but also a lot of reckless decisions. Could be a lot of that included, certainly would spectacle, and i would say, fits with drama. Also, i would say, its important to remember, with the internet, there was a lot of opportunities for growth, and a lot of things started in the 90s become very important later on. Which is something that you would do, as a person, if you were growing. I think its a jumpingoff won for elephant that also has a lot of stuff, but its also self contained. Thats why i want to call it the teenage decade. You dont live as a teenager there. Eventually, grow out of that, mature, reach adulthood. So, kind of an adolescence. Interesting. Haley, whats a better characterization than any of these . Aye or maybe one of mine . I would argue that the 90s are a distraction decade, like a decade of distraction, as an intersection as the decade of spectacle and the clueless decades. I think the way that media covered acts of terrorism, the trial by media phase frenzy of the 90s, generally, it kind of took away our attention from the deeper rooted issues that were present in these spectacles because of the sheer magnitude of individual appeal, the drama, you know, the excitement, and even the horror, you know, seeing coverage of terrorist attacks, okc, the atlanta city bombing, and i think that because we were sold on to these spectacles for attention that we were then distracted from some of the real issues going on, especially in rwanda, and we had to overlook a lot of the implications that these spectacles held. Say that again . Distraction decade. Distraction. I think without the platform of social media to have Public Discourse<\/a>, i guess, have like a further analyses into these cultural or sociopolitical spectacles, that we miss out on having that level of discourse, indepth thought into why these things were drawing our attention, and i think, you know, this was foreshadowing the now Public Discourse<\/a> we find that social media today, whenever an event like the impeachment trials of trump happen. Now, we have a platform for us to all talk about it together, come to different conclusions, share and exchange information, but because of how new the internet was, we didnt have that yet. So, without having that exchange of information, we were very distracted by what was said in front of us. Got it. Austin the michael . Right behind you. Buying into one of these . So, i was going to, basically, agree with the decade of spectacle. In general, i think each of these characterizations works on some level or another, but overall, i think the best way to describe the 90s would be the decade of spectacle. It was basically the birth of the american fascination with spectacle with things like the oj simpson trial, things like the false accusation of richard jewell, the atlanta bombing, and specifically, you know, with the terror attacks at Columbine High School<\/a> and the aftermath of which, basically being broadcasting to tvs around the country. And you do see spectacles in later decades, for instance, terror attacks of 9 11. We still have Mass Shootings<\/a> to this day, but i do think that the 90s were basically the birthplace of that spectacle and the american fascination with spectacles. So, i think that is the best way to describe the 90s. Why would the decade of the 90s be the origin point of spectacle . I think that thats just when we had the internet started to grow, and basically, it was giving us more of a platform to see things from around the country and around the globe. Previously, you would have to tune into your television, then halfway through the 90s, you started getting the advent of the internet, the information started to spread more quickly into more areas of the country. And just all of the different events of the 90s, all the terror, media spectacle, all of the just all of the crazy things happen that people got to watch live on tv or see unfold live on the internet. Just sort of started that obsession with spectacle. Interesting. So, what about the counterargument that i raised that every decade has a spectacle, and since then, theres even more intense live spectacle . Weve had two impeachment trials of sitting president s since clinton. My counterargument to that is that, while it is true that every decade has its spectacles, we, in the decades preceding the 90s, there was not nearly the sheer amount of spectacle. When decades previously, you know, you would have like one, maybe two of these mass, populationwide events that would be viewed by everyone, whereas, the 90s, you know, people would share about the World Trade Center<\/a> bombings, the Oklahoma City<\/a> bombings, and the o. J. Simpson trial. We talked about it, in class, you know, not every single person, but how a lot of people tuned into their televisions the day the oj simpson verdict was revealed. Thats a good point. It really was a spectacle. National vigil to await the verdict in the oj case. The case that had just obsessed the country in many ways. It was true. People were waiting by television sets, radios. Not so much on the internet for the verdict. Yeah, thats a good point. And it was all captured on video. The video records of the 90s was pretty impressive. I think that helps support your argument when you go back and see it. See the aftermath of the Oklahoma City<\/a> bombing. Or the World Trade Center<\/a> attack. Okay. Michael . Yeah. So, i think a good way to describe it would be the precursor decade. The reason why i say that is i think you could point a direct line from a bunch of things we talked about this semester to think that happened in the early 2000s. I think we talked to the internet, how it made a lot of internet juggernauts born in the 90s, on Internet Explorer<\/a>, keep going on the list. I think with terrorism, right, we see these isolated, separate terrorist attacks, and in that kind of boiled up to 9 11, the gulf war, which can also be a contributor, and then the war on terror as well. I think the clinton example, too, you can talk about the partisan designed divide in the clinton trial, the partisan divide we had in the next decade, and the now. Let me see. The other example i had. I think theres a lot more that indicates that there was a lot of events that happened in the 90s. Like the school shootings, columbine, the precursor to the amount of Mass Shootings<\/a> we seek to this day as well. I think the only counterargument to that would be you can argue any decade before Something Else<\/a> can be the precursor decade, because thats how time works, but i feel like something about the 90s seems like you can make direct line to do things that currently happen a few years, a decade later. So what other counterargument you make if you are going to selfassess that argument . Which, granted, is pretty powerful. What counterargument, though, can you come up with . The precursor decade. Maybe may be as you suggest, every decade is a precursor decade to the next. Maybe there are others we look at. It can be better, or it can be comparable in terms of being accurate at defining the decade. I feel like the one i mentioned is kind of the counterargument to my point, you know, theres causeandeffect always. So, i cant really think of another, but i think that would be a sizable one. But i think my argument is still good though. I agree. Duncan . Are you going to endorse one of these, or are you going to come up with a zeitgeist decade . Im not sure i can wholeheartedly endorse one of those. I think the closest would probably be the decade of spectacle. Similar to what people have been saying. Its interesting. I think that seinfeld kind of encapsulates that a little bit. I dont know if i would call it the seinfeld decade, but i watched an interview recently with larry david talking about how he and jerry came up with the idea for a show. They met, you know, in like a korean deli if you were to talk about what this show is going to be about, and they were pointing out the idiosyncrasies about the deli, and larry david was like, this is what the show means, just an everyday place. Someone people tuned in, and it kind of show that you can expect a lot of, like, humanity itself, and worth paying attention to, and i think that kind of like paved the way, you know, at least in media, television, you see that that sort of thing, theres a lot of creative outlets for a lot of people, a lot of shows about that now, you know, and just because you can call it a decade of spectacle just because, like, these instances of, like, oj or the impeachment trial are kind of like benchmarks for the 90s, you know, but i think any frequency of spectacle is kind of a precursor, you know, i guess, for the 21st century. Interesting end. A moment ago, you mentioned benchmarks. Could you use that term as a way to describe the zeitgeist as the benchmark decade . Yeah. In a way, i think benchmark decade sort of goes handin hand with the precursor decade, with the spectacle, people recognize the key events as the dominant forces, like they could distinguish as a decade of spectacle, you know, there are lots of other things, you know, that could be considered as worth paying attention to, and i think seinfeld points that out. Whether or not you think thats an accurate depiction of life in the 90s or not. But yeah. Interesting. So, do you think the benchmark decade is okay . Its really not something you mentioned, but its close enough. Yeah. Like i said, i dont think i could characterize it under one term, you know, i may indecisive person. So, that can be part of it. Okay. Cj . Going off of duncan and michaels points, precursor, benchmark, i think the 90s can really be defined as the pivotal decade, because all of these things that we have talked about kind of laid the groundwork for the end of the millennium, that we were going into this new century, this new time, y2k people were scared, and people had no idea what to expect. The internet was just starting, but it didnt explode until the 2000s. Even now, we are seeing new fax from the internet be explored and be discovered. So, i feel like that is not a good representation of the 90s. You know, we see amazon being created, but the way in which amazon has grown, you know, to almost a necessity for some in everyday life, i feel like this is a much better categorization in a time closer, now, that it was then, but i think every aspect of this, like pivotal nature, like seinfeld, i think, is still regarded as a fantastic show, one of the best of the best. I think this could be argued, but i dont think other shows have come close to kind of attempting to do what seinfeld has done, you know, because i think it was just perfect for that time, and i think that is why it is such a pivotal decade, because i think that was the time in which we are all turning, as a society and as a world, because we had no idea what, you know, homegrown terrorism and worldly terrorism would grow into we talked about 9 11, and i think all of these things were small precursors to more dramatic and largescale things that would come. So, i know weve had arguments about it being a clueless decade, and i dont know if that is a better presentation, but i like the idea of pivotal, because all of these things that we liked about believe laid the groundwork for us to explore the unknown will that was coming in the 2000s, such rapid and radical change, that i think came from all of these things that we talked about. e internet was not born fully formed. There was an adolescence, there was a growth period. And its still growing, as you suggested. But doesnt pivotal just come down ultimately to the internet, the introduction of the internet and the popular internet in the nineties are really large part. And i mean, again, i feel you you cannot remove the internet or, you know, social media platforms or anything digital from the lives of people. Now, because its so unbelievably ingrained into everything that we do. So it would be wrong to say that the internet wasnt in that pivotal change, but i think it was kind of just like a conglomeration of all of these things together. Is what really made kind of that transition into the year 2000. In the years after that is that i mean, yes, the internet, i think plays a really big part. But like in even like the early 2000s, even 2005, like people still were hesitant of the internet and werent making that switch. I mean, like, you know, we still had newspaper publications and things of that nature. Like everything wasnt online, even though we had kind of been working with the internet for so long. So i think it was it was a slow change, but i think why that pivot is so important because that was the decade in which we kind of all about faced to look at the future very interesting, pivotal decade benchmark decade, if we will, teenage decade, distraction decade, precursor decade, all all, very good. Let me offer my characterization and as a closing word here of our talk today, i argue that the nineties are best understood as the decade of origins and maybe kind of precursor in a way, but the decade of origins is its when our now began. Its when our future began the nineties. It was a time of watersheds, a time of points. It was the time of an emergence of a Divisive Political<\/a> culture that continues to characterize american life, american political life. It was a time when impeachment was used for the first time in more than a century as a political weapon. As a political weapon, and has been used a couple of times since. Also, a preoccupation with terrorism. Some can be traced to the nineties, the origins of a culture of fear in the United States<\/a> is a nineties artifact. It also the nineties represent it. Given the rise of the internet, the beginnings, the early days of a sea change in the news medias business model, especially for newspapers going from an advertising based revenue model to a subscription based a digital subscription based model that has led to a less temperate, less evenhanded, less impartial way of covering the news. Indeed, it has led to the rise of narrative driven journalism. This didnt happen in the nineties. It didnt happen all at once, but began in the the sea change, in the news media, as business model, the trial o the century in 1995, not only was a national obsession, it introduced into popular consciousness the value of and the wonder even of forensic dna. Dna evidence was introduced at the o. J. Ial, but had been poorly collected, poorly processed, poorly evaated by authorities in los angeles. And it was not the way in which o. J. Simpson was convicted. In fact, he was not convicted at the trial. In 1995. But forensic dna became a popular element in american life. It signaled the anticipated the spinoff of all kinds of Television Shows<\/a> based on the use of forensic dna evidence, the csi franchise crime scene investigation, of which there have been many versions can be traced to this interest and preoccupation. If you will, with dna, forensic dna. And also it was the rise of the internet, the popular internet guide going in the nineties. Again, it wasnt fully formed at birth, but it clearly contributes to the decade of origins, the decade of origins. Were almost out of time, folks, and as we wrap up, allow me to do so. On a personal note, this is not only the last lecture of the semester, its the last lecture of my academic career. After 26 years on the American University<\/a> faculty and 20 plus years in the news business, as journalist before then i will be wrapping up by the end of december, by the end of the academic year. Im going sabbatical leave and fall semester 2023 and then formally to be retired at the end of the year. Its been a good run for me at American University<\/a>. 26 years on, the faculty, you have taught 20 different courses, including 1990s. Ive written seven solo authored books, ive won awards such as the faculty member of the year award given by the student government. So it has been a good run, but its time and you got to recognize when that time comes, its a for me and i want to thank you very much for your contributions to this class this semester. Our discussion today, i think, indicates the vibrant nature of our collaboration and our discussions together. So folks with that,","publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"archive.org","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","width":"800","height":"600","url":"\/\/ia803402.us.archive.org\/24\/items\/CSPAN3_20231005_230000_Lectures_in_History_The_1990s\/CSPAN3_20231005_230000_Lectures_in_History_The_1990s.thumbs\/CSPAN3_20231005_230000_Lectures_in_History_The_1990s_000001.jpg"}},"autauthor":{"@type":"Organization"},"author":{"sameAs":"archive.org","name":"archive.org"}}],"coverageEndTime":"20240703T12:35:10+00:00"}