edition of gps, "how to lead." if true tests of leadership come during crisis, then lou gerstner has been tested many times. he's been president of american express, chairman and ceo of rjr nabis nabisco, but perhaps his biggest test came at ibm. when gerstner took over big blue in 1993, the american icon was on the road to failure. the year he took over, ibm had there are 8 billi $8 billion in losses. the year he left, ibm had $8 billion in profits and it had become world class once again. lou gerstner on what skills he needed to effect that kind of turnaround. lou gerstner, pleasure to have you. >> thank you. glad to be here. >> you've turned three companies around, but you also worked at a management consulting firm. you were at mckinsey, rjr, american express, ibm. ibm is the most famous turnaround where you made an