Dipak Kotecha, MD, PhD, MSc; Karina V. Bunting, PhD, MSc; Simrat K. Gill, MD, MPharm; Samir Mehta, MSc; Mary Stanbury; Jacqueline C. Jones; Sandra Haynes, MBE, MBA; Melanie J. Calvert, PhD; Jonathan J. Deeks, PhD, MSc, CStat; Richard P. Steeds, MD, MA; Victoria Y. Strauss, PhD, MSc; Kazem Rahimi, DM, MSc; A. John Camm, MD; Michael Griffith, MD; Gregory Y. H. Lip, MD; Jonathan N. Townend, MD; Paulus Kirchhof, MD; Rate Control Therapy Evaluation in Permanent Atrial Fibrillation (RATE-AF) Team Digitalis glycosides were first introduced into clinical use in 1785 by William Withering, a physician in Birmingham, England. 1 A new study published in