Energy Technology Export Controls Executive Summary Dual-use products and materials, those with both military and civilian applications, are subject to export controls. These export controls make U.S. clean energy technologies less competitive in the global market just as governments and consumers are prioritizing efforts to combat climate change. Trade barriers to the export of U.S. clean energy technologies, such as export controls, should be reformed to reduce their impact on the innovation and sale of technologies necessary to combat climate change. Introduction Demand for clean energy technologies has grown globally as efforts to mitigate the effects of climate change become a priority for governments and consumers alike. These technologies, however, are often dual-use technologies that rely on materials and components used for military purposes or have security implications. As a result, they are subject to export controls, which have been developed to ensure that certain technologies do not fall into the hands of malicious actors. Yet these controls also make it more difficult for U.S. manufacturers to compete around the world.