Taking no action. What the methodology is, or what it purports to do; How it works; Different strategies for approaching or maintaining the methodology. All these preservation actions presume access to the bit-stream. That is to say, that it is possible to access the physically stored data without being technologically inhibited (e.g., if the digital object is stored on a CD-ROM, it is still possible to read the CD-ROM, and the data stored on the CD-ROM is still intact). Ensuring digital materials are not stored on obsolescent carriers is a significant preservation issue, but is not the subject of this paper. For more thinking on this topic, see Clifton and Langley (2007), Elford et al. (2008), or del Pozo et al. (2009).