income tax. She found that, aside from safety and health activities, most overlapping activities were either inconsistent or incompatible. “By inconsistent, I mean that their COVID-19 activities target the same labor-related policy, but apply different legal standards,” LeClercq said. “By incompatible, I mean that governments cannot implement the policy mandated in one organization’s activity without violating the commitment or recommendation within another organization’s activity.” The international organizations’ respective COVID-19 recovery activities provide a unique opportunity to compare overlapping efforts and policies across organizations and within recipient governments, LeClercq wrote. They also expose the conflicting approaches of the ILO, the IMF and the World Bank.