Executive Summary On March 2, 2021, the Biden Administration, in a coordinated announcement by the U.S. Departments of Treasury, State, and Commerce, tightened export restrictions against Russia and imposed sanctions and other measures on certain Russian entities and individuals allegedly involved in the poisoning and subsequent imprisonment of Alexei Navalny, a Russian opposition leader and anti-corruption crusader who recently returned to Russia after being treated for Novichok poisoning in Germany. Earlier in the day, the EU had announced the addition of two of the same individuals identified by the U.S. to its sanctions list, which marked the first time the EU had implemented sanctions under the Human Rights Sanctions Regime which it introduced in early December 2020. The EU had already sanctioned six other individuals and one entity in October 2020 (many of whom were listed in the U.S. action on March 2) over the poisoning using the framework of the EU’s restrictive measures against the proliferation and use of chemical weapons.