The Trump Presidency promises to be a fascinating test of the resilience of the system of government crafted by americas founding fathers. The new president has already slammed the courts for overstepping their authority in blocking his so called travel ban. A new Executive Order on the matter is imminent. My guest today is donald verrilli, us Solicitor General under barack obama. Does the constitution ensure that the white house is always subject to, not above, the law . Donald verrilli, welcome to hardtalk. Thank you, stephen, its good to be here. Lets start with a personal perspective. Having served five years as obamas Solicitor General, how painful is it for you to watch donald trump pledging to undo so much of the legislative Executive Legacy left behind by barack obama, and of course a legacy that you defended . Well, had you asked me that question two months ago i probably would have said extremely. But as time has passed, i think the resilience of the achievements of the Obama Administration, i think, is starting to show itself. And so i am more optimistic now that its going to be a lot more difficult than it might have seemed at first blush for President Trump and his administration to undo the progress that was made under President Obama. Im thinking in particular of health care but other things as well. Well, well go in detail through some of the things you worked most closely on, of course, obamacare, the Affordable Health care act, is one of them. Butjust in general terms, this idea that the system is very resilient, that neednt necessarily mean trump cant undo so much of what was done by his predecessor. Thats certainly true. Hes certainly got opportunities to act and he appears to be ready to seize those opportunities. But there are only certain things that he can do unilaterally as the executive without the co operation of the legislative branch. And even with respect to those, the court system is there as a check. The institutions of Civil Society and the press are there as a check. So i think its proving to be a lot more difficult than it might have looked at first blush. Well, lets take a specific example. Off the bat. And that would be the so called travel ban. The Executive Order which trump signed very early on in the presidency, which restricted travel or actually banned travel for a temporary period from seven mainly muslim countries. And actually indefinitely banned the incoming syrian refugees. Now, the courts have blocked that. They have thwarted it at least on a temporary basis, donald trump and his team are looking at reintroducing a new Executive Order. He isnt letting go. He is going to get this through, it seems. Well, well see. I mean, ithink, if you look at what happened out of the gate here, in the first month, with respect to the Executive Order, it was a combination of two circumstances, i think, that were incredibly infelicitous from the Point Of View of the Executive Branch. On the one hand you have an Executive Order that i think is widely perceived as not being on the level, in the sense that its purported justification was protection of National Security. And yet there was no real consultation with the National Security experts at the department of homeland security. No consultation of any kind with the pentagon, with the result that one of the very first people who was picked up under the travel ban was somebody, an interpreter who had worked in iraq with the United States army and had been promised a visa. Well, you might not like the way in which the Consultation Process worked, but the bottom line is, National Security is the president s prerogative. And if he frames this in terms of National Security, what right to the courts have to second guess . What i think thats what im trying to get out here. That was, to me, a terrible combination of order that i think was widely perceived as not being on the level in the sense of not being the product of a considered judgment about what was in the National Securitys interests, combined with an argument to the judiciary that they had no role whatsoever to play in reviewing the president s authority. And i think, had you had a well considered order that had gone through the normal processes of the Executive Branch of the United States government, with careful consideration of National Security issues and diplomatic issues and others, and then had gone to the court, it might have gotten a different reception. But when you put those two things together, its no surprise at all that the courts reacted the way they have done. And in fact youll notice that the administration did not even tried to take this order up to the Supreme Court. And i think that tells you a lot. But one thing i am really intrigued by, and id like your perspective as a recently former Solicitor General, is the response that donald trump, as chief executive, as president , gave on twitter about the process, and in particular about the courts and the judges involved. For example, one tweet, early on in this farrago, the opinion of this so called judge, which essentially takes Law Enforcement away from our country, is ridiculous. It will be overturned. I just cannot believe a judge would put our country in such peril. If something happens, blame him and the court system. What do you make of those public pronouncements from the president . I think its an unprecedented assault in American History on the independence and integrity of the Judicial Branch of the government. The Judicial Branch is there under our constitutional system to act as a check on Executive Power in appropriate circumstances. The president of the United States is not above the law, and to treat the judiciary in that manner, ad hominem attacks, undermining the integrity of the system, it threatens grave damage to our constitutional system. If your boss had tweeted those sorts of messages about the judiciary, what would you have said and done . It would have been, its unimaginable to me that President Obama would have engaged in that kind of ad hominem attack onjudges. Had he done so, i would have counselled him in the strongest terms that he needed to take further steps to retract or apologise. And if he didnt do so i would have been in a very difficult position. Yeah, it seems to me theres an interesting discussion to be had and i actually want to have it with you about what the point of this Solicitor General is. It seems to me, this is my characterisation, correct me if im wrong, but you are one of the top in house lawyers working directly for the white house and for the president , representing the federal government. I mean, it is yourjob to make the federal governments case in the Supreme Court. So youre not exactly an independent voice, are you . Its, you know, its complicated, stephen. You have to hold two ideas in your mind that in some tension tension with each other. The Solicitor General, in particular, and the department ofjustice, the Executive Branch in general, theyve got two functions to play. One is to carry out the legal policy of the administration. When a president gets elected, hes allowed to make judgments about such things as over incarceration, issues like that. You fight his corner, youre his guy well, its more complicated than that. Thats what im getting to. But theres another function too, which is to ensure that the laws of the United States are enforced in a manner that is faithful to the rule of law, that is not and is not seen as being infected by partisanship or by inappropriate personal considerations of the president. And the Solicitor General in our system plays a very Important Role in ensuring that that respect for the rule of law is maintained. And that means, sometimes, its happened with every Solicitor General, it certainly happened with me, there were times when the white house wanted us to take a certain position on an issue, and we came to the conclusion that we could not, consistent with our commitment to the rule of law, do so, and we told the white house that we couldnt and they respected it. Fascinating. So on what issues . Because with so much talk now about the way in which trump is challenging the judiciary, but when it came to these debates are in the obama white house, when did you say, mr president , youre overstepping the mark. Ill give you one. And it wasnt so much mr president , youre overstepping the mark, but the white house, i think, trying to take something in the direction they thought the president wanted to go. It was this. We had a case, my last term as Solicitor General, that involved the status of puerto rico. The commonwealth of puerto rico. Whether it ought to be, as a juridical matter, considered to be virtually the equivalent of a state and have the same sovereignty as a state, or whether it should be considered a Territory Subject to plenary regulation by congress. There was enormous pressure for us to take a position that it ought to be a state recognised as equivalent to a state. The Commonwealth Party in puerto rico was pressuring the white house very strongly with that. The president for that, the president , i think, was inclined to want to help the Commonwealth Party. That view was communicated to me but i looked at the law, and i thought that under our legal system, congress has Plenary Authority over territories, puerto rico is a territory. The fact that Congress Gave puerto rico great autonomy in the past cant permanently disable congress from acting in future, so i said, i cant take that position. So thats kind of thing does happen and has to happen. On an issue like that way you and the white house have a fundamental difference, youre saying, you would have been prepared to walk away, to resign, if the white house had insisted on a course of action which you felt was not in adherence to the constitution . Yes. I think every Solicitor General has to be prepared to do that. So to get back to trump, the talk around washington, dc is apparently that the top nominee pick, the likely pick at the moment to take yourjob, because at the moment its filled by an acting individual, but the pick may well be a new york Senior Lawyer called George Conway who is the spouse, the husband, of kellyanne conway, who is one of mr trumps senior advisers. Given what youve just talked about, the duality of this role of the Solicitor General and his need her need to always have in mind the constitution and the balance of powers, would that be appropriate, in your view . George conway is to my knowledge a very able lawyer and i dont want to make anyjudgments about his integrity as a person. I think there are also some other serious contenders for the position. But whether its George Conway or whether its one of the other contenders for the position, that person is going to have to have the stature and frankly the courage to be able to draw the line in appropriate circumstances. And i think in the consideration of who should be nominated for that position and the senates consideration of who should be confirmed for it because that is a position that requires the senate to confirm, that the need for that person to act with integrity and act with independence, it has to be paramount. And that would be true if its George Conway or if its anybody else. And i think it would be an appropriate question to ask. Partly this debate we are having is about the powers of the presidency in relation to the other branches of the government system in the United States. And weve already referred to this ability the president has to issue Executive Orders. And youve suggested to me that you think his opening salvo on the so called travel ban was unacceptable. Ive looked at the record. President obama issued 18 Executive Orders in his first ten days in the white house, which is pretty much comparable to the 20 that came from donald trump. So obama used the powers of the presidency it seems in pretty much the same way that donald trump is. I would take issue with that last phrase there, in pretty much the same way. To begin with, you didnt see anything like what happened with the travel ban Executive Order in that first period under President Obama. None of those Executive Orders, which were carefully considered for many months in advance. Fair point, of course, thats specific. But you could take other Executive Orders issued by President Obama which you ended up having to fight in the Supreme Court, to defend in the Supreme Court, im thinking of one crucial case which you lost, which was all about immigration and the status of immigrants. Sure. And obama used an Executive Order to try to offer respite from the threat of deportation to roughly 4 Million Immigrants who are long term, some of whom had arrived as children. Now its quite complicated but in essence, you afford that case in the Supreme Court against the state of texas and, i believe, 26 states, in all who said that obamas Executive Order undermined the right of congress to lay down the law on these matters of immigration. And the Supreme Court was tied, but ultimately. It was a tied vote i knew that but ultimately that tie meant that the court system upheld the view, the judgment that originally came out of texas. You lost. But lets focus first on process. I think this is a vital, vital point. Compare the process for President Trump s Executive Order with the process that preceded the issuance of the. It wasnt actually an Executive Order by President Obama, it was guidance from the secretary of homeland security. The significance was pretty much the same. But that order was the result of years of study. It was the subject of a thorough and Detailed Analysis by the department of Justice Office of legal counsel, which is the office in the department that weighs in on the legality of executive Branch Actions that produced a 30 page memo analysing legality and confirming that, in their view, the president had this authority. It was a closely contested matter, and i think we all understood that. And we acted, and the president acted and i defended the president s actions, against the backdrop of the inability of a Legislator Branch to deal with a problem that everybody understands to be a real, and substantial problem. Those 4 Million People werentjust 4 Million People who had been in the United States for a long period of time, they were the parents of American Citizen children. Every one of those 4 million, in order to qualify. With respect, that is not really the point. The point is, who has the power to decide their fate . The president was adamant that he did, but the congress was adamant that ultimately this was a congressional matter. Im just going to quote to you the republican charles grassley, Senior Member of the senate, Judiciary Committee chairman. He said, look, i agree that the Immigration System Needs Revamping but Circumventing Congress and attempting to rewrite Immigration Law<