the late 1960s they shut down their teacher training colleges which were of wildly varying selectivity and quality. and they moved them all to their most elite universities which obviously had the the effect you're getting your best educated people into teaching. it had a signal effect. kids pick up on the fact that getting into teacher training college in finland today is like getting into m.i.t. in the united states. so it sends a message that you're serious about this. >> exactly. >> how much of it do you think is teacher quality, teacher accountability here in the united states? how much or what percentage would you account for that? >> there are again a lot of things, but certainly teaching quality is one of them. one of the things you see is that the most impressive, the real education superpowers in the world, they elevated -- they raised the ceiling on teaching quality by make it much more selective and rigorous. then they were able town wind