Millions as a bum for the president in 2012 and gave 3 million to the proobama superpac. We will have that live for you on cspan. , they recently announced nuclear deal with iran, hosted by the heritage foundation. Canadan event on u. S. Cooperation, and that begins at 1 30 p. M. Eastern. Were the 60s were different. [laughter] there were a lot of things happening involving race, the breakdown in the structure of society. I was suddenly out of the seminary and in new england, and there were no rules. Things were falling apart. Very,t structure, it is very difficult to navigate. I was extremely fortunate to be at holy cross. I was extremely fortunate to still have had a residual him the way i was raised in the structure the nuns had given me and the structure the seminary had given me. I was also extremely fortunate because i had already been in predominantly white schools. I was the only black in my high school in savanna. So, the transition to a school with very for you very few black in a very difficult set of circumstances academically and otherwise, i had sort of a junction did a jumpstart. I was ahead of the game. I had something. So it allowed me to continue to do well, even though it was very, very difficult. Thanksgiving on cspan, here from two Supreme Court justices. Clarence thomas at 9 00 a. M. , followed by elena kagan at 945 a. M. Eastern and also for days of book tv on cspan2, including Deborah Solomon on the life and art of Norman Rockwell and on c span3s American History tv, the 150th anniversary of the it is birgit prinz. Come him rating commemorating the words lincoln spoke at the, moderation dedication of the soldiers the cemetery. Former intelligence official said another attack on the scale of 9 11 in the u. S. Is not likely but also more needs to be done to counter the threat of those who work alone. Also discussed in the balance between security and Civil Liberties, saying it is impossible to prevent every potential terrorist attacks. At thescussion up up Potomac Institute is about one hour and 45 minutes. I amdies and gentlemen, the ceo and chairman of the Potomac Institute for policy studies. We are a notforprofit think tank in the washington dc area that focuses on the issues of science and technology, how science and technology is. Hanging our society for almost 17 years now we have been the host and home for the International Center for terrorism studies headed up by professoryona alexander. And i think most people here would agree and understand that the center that yona has is one of the most foremost academic institutions and consortiums of institutions in the world focusing on all aspects of terrorism. Hasessor Alexanders Group looked at, studied, and published documents on every conceivable realm and aspect of terrorism for many, mary many years. Personally author of over 100 books on the subject and we are quite proud at the Potomac Institute to be the home of his academic efforts. We are also privileged to partner with the international doninstitute and professor wallace is here representing them, as he always has, as the chairman. And for well over a decade we partnered with ili and professor wallace to bring to you these seminars in these discussions on terrorism. Are focusing and would have, i hope, a very spirited discussion, presentation followed by a questionand answer with the audience. One of the most insidious and hard to defend parts of terrorism, that associate with the lone wolf. Upre we have built tremendous body of policy and procedure for dealing with terror groups and state loneored terrorism, the wolf, the individual who plots and puts together a plot often in sympathy with the group is also often hard to find before him. Finding and dealing with lone wolf will continue to be one of the most challenging aspects of society Going Forward. How we use technology to help us do that and how we figure out how to use technology to do that while protecting Civil Liberties will be one of the key lessons of our time. So it is with great privilege i professionaluce lone wolf terrorism. And with that, i will once again try and introduce the person who is impossible to introduce, professor yonah alexander, who i think is the worlds foremost expert on terrorism. The faster . Professor . Mike,nk you very much for your always generous introduction. Lets talk about technology. I would appreciate you kindly turn off of this because we are being on tape. Mentioned the collaboration with our academic lawners, the international institute. And in fact, the latest publication with professor don wallace and our colleagues is on selectedd terrorism perpetrators. The next one will be developed llah, and, on hezbo the next one is on iran, which i guess many people are concerned about. A veryay, we do have distinguished panel to discuss what might indicated mike indicated, one of the most insidious challenges, and we are aally delighted to have variety of perspectives. At this pointce. Embers of the panel former deputy general counsel, National Security, of the fbi, currently distinguished fellow at the center for National Security law, university of Virginia School of law. The other partner we collaborate with. At theofessor amit kumar school of Foreign Service at georgetown university. Olson, thele president of the olson group. And professor don wallace. Say a few words later on in terms of introduction before they speak. Usually what we tried to do is to keep always in mind that terrorism is only one of the many challenges in terms of man made and natural disasters. Therefore, we always try to remember and never forget those who were victimized by both Mother Nature and manmade disasters. , i wouldopportunity like to express sympathy for the victims in via latvia in the supermarket who were killed, those in the philippines, and of course, those victimized in terrorist attacks in algeria, kenya, and the ongoing attacks now in syria syria, iraq, pakistan, and elsewhere. That is one aspect to express our solidarity and sympathy with the victims. And then, of course, on the other side, we have to honor who saved the lives, those who protect lives, all the way from the First Responders to the those, the military, and who serve governments, those who serve the civil society, to combat terrorism. Obama made a statement several years ago and he said most likely scenario, and i quote, that we would have to guard against what he calls the lone wolf operation rather than a large, well coordinated service attack. Put it puts the lone wolf on the agenda but today i obviously the top security concern is the iran Nuclear Campaign and the geneva , and we would have to obviously focus attention on this issue as well. And the question arises whether there is a link or connection between the lone wolf and the weapons of mass destruction, and we are going to discuss it also today. Academically, as mike indicated we tried to many of the issues that relate also to the lone wolf. Today it happens that it is the 50th anniversary of the assassination of jfk, and in fact, exactly 50 years ago, the state funeral took place. I am mentioning this because even the assassination of jfk is a big question mark in terms of whether wet are dealing with a lone wolf or may a member of some sort of conspiracy. Mention today, the month of november, some other effects that relates to the lone wolf. Hood,r the attack at fort in texas. But prior to that, in 1950, we do remember the attempted assassination of president rican by puerto terrorists, and the question is what is the definition of the lone wolf. Again, there are many examples in recent history that focus attention on the lone wolf, 1985, 18 years ago individual,n assassinated the Prime Minister rabin. And this can be regarded also as a lone wolf operation. Again, history recorded many instances of the lone wolf. About we but before we go into specifically the lone wolf examination, i would like to suggest a context to our discussion in terms of trying to look at the forest and not only of the trees. By that i mean what are really the challenges that we are facing on the holistic level this is guarded security agenda. In other words, our sense of challenges all the way from organized trying crime and the linkage between organized crime, terrorism. The humanng trafficking, and so one. The financial threats around the world. The Maritime Security concerns. Aviation security. As dictation concerns. The infrastructure security transportation concerns. Security, cyber security, and environmental security. I just returned from a nato ra, turkey, and we discussed the specifically the threats to north africa, the one, andand so so on, all the way from the atlantic and the red sea and beyond. So what is the bottom line . Mikenk the bottom line, indicated clearly, the issue of Civil Liberties, technology. Questions that we have to ponder again and again. After 9 11, is the worst yet to come . Secondly, will civilization survive . Now we are dealing with the iranian challenge. Es,dly, we come back to mik i think, concerned, whether counterterrorism strategies and democracy can coexist. When we look at the various explanations related to terrorism, we cannot even agree universally how to define terrorism. That alone not to mean lone wolf. I would submit we are facing by thely three types perpetrators. One, we can call them the lone wolf but we can also call them the individuals that are involved. Secondly, i think we have to some moree groups, organized groups some more sophisticated, some less sophisticated, and other state sponsors of terrorism. We do haventally individuals. Some of them are meant to lead to arrange. The flag as wave singlers or martyrs, issue politics, extremism. Ideologicallybased roots where ethnic, racial, religious movement, with the nationalist and separatist actors, and then we mentioned but terminals and local mercenaries. Mercenaries. And in the United States, we see the variety all the way from what we , forthe hate crime example. The white supremacists, for example. Differentare loyal to kinds of ideology or to the based ideology. So in terms of what is happening in the United States itself, whether we call them freelance or whether we call them leaderless resistance groups, we find two types. One on a nonpolitical terrorist. For example, the navy yard shooting. And this month, the los angeles airport. And then of course we have the lone wolfs going all the way back, if you will, to 1968 wins rhanhogs iran when si sirhan assassinated bob kennedy because he was motivated by antiisrael sentiment at the time. Also, all of us remember the who bomber unabomber conducted a campaign for many years. The radicalized Technological Society at the time. All remember what happened in oklahoma city, 1995. The attack on the Federal Building when 168 people were killed and 800 wounded. Course, the most recent, the fort hood shooting, that Nidal Malik Hasan perpetrated at the time. So again, when we talk about the lone wolf, the individual acting on his or her own, incidentally, we do have an increasing number of women who are involved. We can look at the nonpolitical motivation and then we the political motivation. Fundamentally, i think what we are going to discuss today are basically the two sides that we have to consider. But mostly the political side. We can spend a semester at least discussing the various trends. Were not going to do that. I think it would be useful in terms of context to discuss the phenomenon which is not very well understood. We have to keep in mind that terrorists are not born, they are created by various political, social, economic environments. In other words, the lone wolf terrorists do not appear from outer space. They are part of our societies. They are subject to the political, social, and economic ideologies. And their religious environments. In other words many of them , share values through technology, through websites and so forth. Some operate on one basis, and others operate on multiple cks. Ultiple serial atta multiple studies developed over the years and we are trying to follow it on a daily basis. It requires a great deal of interest in terms of radicalization. The International Society tries to understand what are some of the root causes and what can be done to deal with that. Hopefully, todays discussion will provide the initial context for our discussion. The first speaker is mike bowman, who has a rich background in the government, and the military, diplomatic and academic activity. In fact, he is teaching one and one of ourw interns right there and he is a student in his class. You can prepare for the class tomorrow. He has very broad experience in the government and counterintelligence. Also in various other positions senior positions with the fbi, and as i indicated, he also has a very rich academic background. We are looking forward to his remarks. Then we are going to followup with our other panelists and hopefully then developed a discussion with the audience. Here . You mind coming up i will let you get by. Ok. Next thank you, yonah. I first started thinking about lone wolf terrorism right after 9 11. At the time i was debating nash that the council of National Security affairs at the fbi. We really did not know an awful lot about al qaeda at that point in time but we began to look into it very quickly. Among the things that we learned was that there were a number of Training Camps being run by al qaeda in afghanistan. The more we look at it, the more we realized that while al qaeda was trained in the camps in afghanistan, an awful lot of other people have gone through there too. Not necessarily affiliated with al qaeda or intending to do something on a terrorist plane. But perhaps going there for training for something later on. We begin to think about what would happen if one of those people began to decide to do something. Unattached, unaffiliated. The reason that made a big difference. A big difference was because the way we look for terrorists and spies and so forth in the United States was largely the foreign Intelligence Surveillance act, which is operated by a secret court. Warrants for wiretaps and physical searches. The predicate for a fisa war and warrant is that the target is either a foreign power or an agent of a foreign power. If you have a person acting on his own, it is hard to talk that tuck that person into an agency or a foreign power. After 9 11, i suggested that perhaps we could have an amendment to the foreign Intelligence Surveillance act to look at this Single Person. This caused consternation because it did change the way we thought about the act from the start. We eventually did get an amendment to the act for that purpose. We also began to realize some other things that might happen. One of the things that started us thinking along a different line was soon after 9 11, Dutch Foreign intelligence produced three studies about radicals in their part of the world. One of the really startling things that came out of that was that they did not find a lot of ideologues. They found people who seem to have an affinity for violence. They wanted to do something violently. As a consequence, they started looking at those individuals. That did disrupt not only in the netherlands but in other countries, some things that were beginning to happen or were planned to happen. We began to look at that. And then another thing happened in 2005. We had the British Underground bombings. We began to look at that and think, we have got people in the country that this contends too. Too. Ybe discontents, something we have not focused on all that much since Timothy Mcveighs. We might have people not affiliated with al qaeda on the we might have people in our own communities who want to do violence. We began to think more and more that there might be some other thing to do about this. When i testified in 2002 in congress, asking for the foreign Intelligence Surveillance act to be amended, congress was very skeptical. They were not ready to accept the fact that we might have other types of individuals in the u. S. It took a period of time for congress to come around. They eventually did. The only thing that has happened through the years is that we have fairly well decimated the ability of al qaeda and al qaedatype affiliates to carry out the large, complex type of operation that 9 11 represented. Could it happen again, yes. But what is more likely . I will give you a prediction. In the u. S. And most western and probably most of the western countries as well, future terrorist acts are more likely to be less well organized than we saw with 9 11. Likely to be less complex, less likely to succeed. Theyre less likely to be as lethal if they do succeed. They are going to be more numerous. And in all likelihood, i believe that they will be mostly conducted by citizens or long term residents of the u. S. Why do i say that . First of all, i think that is what the sequence of events that i have just laid out point us towards. But secondly, if we stop and take a look at what has happened in the u. S. Since 9 11, we have had over 50 terrorist according to fbi reporting over 50 terrorist attempts defeated. We have also had a number of terrorist associated persons arrested. Of those who had some link of al qaeda or al qaedatype philosophy, more than half were u. S. Citizens. 35 were born in the u. S. 60 have a college degree. 60 were either working or in school. These were not the people that we were looking at right after 9 11. These were not the discontented arabs who were going to camps in afghanistan to try and learn how to make an explosive. To try an