Lobby government. At all. Now we try to stop it by saying you will not use any of the money i give you to lobby. But you have plenty of other money, money gets mixed together. So a lot of Big Companies that do business with the government, theyre able to use that money to go lobby and get more. Some of these big corporations have 50 lobbyists, some have 100 lobbyists. But the ones that are usually getting stuff from government, i determine the difference between corporations who want to be left alone with lower taxes and less regulation which is a legitimate complaint versus those that take money to get more of your money. I would separate that way. I have time for one more. Right here. Do you think an employer should be able to fire and lgbt employee because that person is lgbt . Senator paul i think the things you do in your house, you could just leave those in your house and not be a part of the workplace. To tell you the truth. These are very difficult decisions on what you decide, it will be employer decision. It is not so much about that question as it is about that it sets up a class of people who can now sue. You see what i mean . What happens is, it sets up a whole industry of people who want to sue. If you happen to be gay and you get fired, now you have a reason. But it is impossible sometimes people do not put the sign because im firing you because you are gay. It is very much disputed. I do not know that we need to keep adding two different classifications to say, that the government needs to be involved in the hiring and firing. I think society is rapidly changing. And if you are gay, there are plenty of places that will hire you. I was in the vast majorities of corporations privately already have manuals or work manuals that say they do not discriminate in any way. I think that to be the fact. I am really not for having the government more involved in the situation. Thank you all for coming. I have to run catch my plane. [applause] cspan has your road to the white house coverage for 2016. This year, we take our coverage into classrooms across the country with our student camera contest, giving in the contest to discuss issues they want to hear most. Follow up a contest and row to the white house coverage on tv, radio, and online. On the next washington journal, Michael Singh on the Iran Nuclear Dea agreement. Associated press reporter stephen all acre on how Social Security recipients might be affected without the cost of living increase. Washington journalist live every day at 7 00 eastern on cspan. Announcer missouris Westminster College hosted a conference on balancing individual freedoms with National Security. This is just under one hour. I had the pleasure of serving on the 2015 hancock symposium this past year. I am honored to introduce professor Laura Donohue. Professor Laura Donohue is a professor of law at georgetown law, director of Georgetown Center of National Security and director of the center of privacy and technology. She writes on u. S. Constitutional law and National Security in the United States and the United Kingdom. She is the author of the cost of covered terrorism, counterterrorist law and the United Kingdom, 19222000 and the forthcoming, the future of foreign intelligence. Professor donahue obtained a bachelor of arts and philosophy from dartmouth college, a jd from stanford law school, and a phd in history from the university of cambridge, england. Please welcome professor laura donahue. [applause] [applause] donahue thank you very much. Thank you very much, president , it dean, associated in jefferson, dr. Gibson, ms. Gibby, and members of the committee for inviting me to the symposium. Particularly the sure, as you commemorate the 70th university of sir Winston Churchills address. Privilege tor and be her. As a graduate of churchill college, cambridge, i have more than a little loyalty and respect for sir winston. I returned every summer to avail myself of his great legacy and to center my thoughts in an increasingly complex and swiftmoving world. In our archives, for many years we had one of Winston Churchills great School Report cards on display. As graduate students, it gave is great hope. When winston was 10 years old, the headmaster of Saint Georges been, his conduct has exceedingly bad. He is not to be trusted to do a single thing. In a gross mistreatment of character, he added, he has no ambition the co it turned out that sir winston had great ambition. Waspersonal ambition, which a facet of his character he referenced when he came to missouri in 1946. He took the opportunity to speak freely. Ambitions i private might have had in my younger days have been satisfied beyond my wildest dreams. Specialwledged the relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom and arts them to set a common hours. The freedom and progress of all the homes and families of all men and women. To give securities, sir winston argued, every home must be shielded from tyranny. Ar churchill, it was not question of security versus freedom, but security through liberty. He spoke of the liberties enjoyed by individual citizens throughout the british empire. Never, he stated, ceased to proclaim in fearless tunes the principles of freedom and the rights of man which are the joint inheritance of the English Speaking world. The magna carta, the bill of rights, that heaviest corpus famouseir most expression in the declaration of independence. Seven decades later, the United States and the United Kingdom, again find themselves at the dawn of a new air. Again, we face existential threat. Science and technology have again radically altered our world. While the cold war was to find my nuclear weapons, our world is defined by technology. They offer great promise. Nevertheless, the digital age, like the atomic age, offers great. At risk for the fundamental principles of Liberty Churchill underscored, the english bill of rights and centuries of common law. Principles of the founding so seriously as to incorporate into the virginia bill of rights, our state constitution, and ultimately, the fourth amendment. I will draw from three areas today. English legal treatises and case law, the american experience, and the current state of affairs. My principal concern is advances in technology and efforts of the government to protect us threaten to undermine one of the most important protections on government power. The prohibition on general warrants. The right against promiscuous search and seizure lays at the heart of law. It was to prevent the general warrants, specific warrants that lack particularity, that we adopted the fourth amendment. If we do not act quickly, this liberty, which service to churchill recalled in his address, will be lost. A general warranty is a document issued by a court or executive branch giving officials the and toty to search for seize private documents without any prior or specific evidence of wrongdoing. It does not specify with particularity the persons or places to be searched or the mozilla records to be seized. It is not supported by an oath or affirmation of any wrongdoing. It is a fishing expedition to find evidence of wrongdoing. Scholars andlish jurors rejected general awards as the worst exercise of tyrannical power. During the reign of charles i, sir edward coke argued against the use of general warrants. In such instruments be used for matters of state, we argonne. Were in a worse case and win ever if we agree for matters of state. We should only magna carta and other statutes and make them fruitless, and do what our ancestors would never do. Returned to his argument in the third part. To issue general warrants, he wrote, is against magna carter. Preventing their use lay at the heart of the law. [latin] neither will we pass upon him or condemn him, but by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the crown. Deathbed,on his charles i ordered that looks home be searched and all such papers in manuscripts that might be relevant to be seized. The trunks when they arrived. His actions were too late. Even as charles i pass execution and did this, cooks ideas became cemented into english thought. An intellectual giant famous for his history of the laws of england noticed in his first volume a general warrant to search for felons or stolen goods not good. Two years later, parliament direct the publication of his manuscript. Appeared inlly 1936, it became enormously influential. Stated, a general warrant to search in all places is not good. But only a particular place with suspicion and probable goal cause. Cause. Probable he continued, therefore i take those general warrants to be dormant. They are not justifiable. Makes the party to be in effect, the judge. Years, england looked to these and reject did the idea of a general warrant. In 1760 two, john looks founded north brittany in opposition to the progovernment paper. When the english entered into negotiations with the french, the north britain attacked the terms of peas. Wilkes, it shown here and somewhat unflattering light, lamented the french king, i the stroke of his pen, has rejected but the sovereign nation could never have done. Remarkably, the treaty of paris saved england from a certain ruin. The crown had been sunk, even to prostitution. This time, he went too far. Three days later, the crown issued a general warrant trying and making a strict diligent search for the authors, printers, and publishers of northport and publishers of north britain number 45. Dozens of cases challenged the kings actions. Actions. Owns it was argued that more was at stake than the simple execution of one warrant against one person. Beenain has our house declared, by the law, our asylum and defense. It is capable of eating centered, upon any frivolous or no preference at all, by a secretary of state account argued,law, counsel might make a mans bed for the promulgation of our most private concerns. Secretive the most and personal nature. Reparation could not be made. Beyond the privacy invasion, significant risks accompanied the proposition that some papers, quite innocent in and of themselves, might be made by the slightest alteration criminal action. After more than one im sorry after only one hour of deliberation, the jury returned anerdict and rewarded astonishing one thousand pounds to him. Two days later, the st. James chronicle, reflected on this important decision. Every englishman has the satisfaction of sinbad to his home is his castle. Recall that sir thomas cook stated, every house of everyone castle and photos as well as his defense against injury and violence. With four years later he incorporated this into his institute. Required, for a mans house is his castle and each mans home is his safest refuge. Later, lord chief justice mansfield, similarly found himself confronted by a general warrant. In this case, as it was executed against the printer. Dunning argued that the generality of warrants is what made it invalid. No mobile cause. If such a warrant could be issued, the court would be extremely mischievous. Its studiesfact of to search for evidence and even without a previous charge on oath, is contrary to National Natural justice. To search a mans private papers without accusation is in an infringement of the natural rights of mankind. Lord mansfield, presiding over the case, agreed. Such a an uncertain warrant is void. There is no case or book to the contrary. The judge has stood. Charlesstice contemplated under the general warrant issued. Rolling against the government, the greatrved that edge that men enter into is to secure their privacies. Any breach, be it ever so minute, is a trespass. He did not mean this merely as a home. Said, is mans dearest property and are so far from and during a procedure that they will hardly bear and expection. In inspection. A general warrant is such a piece of nonsense as deserves not to be spoken of. Two years later, william blackstones commentaries on the laws of england underscored the distinction between general and theific warrants, rejecting latter. It is the duty of magistracy and ought not be left to the officer to judge the grounds of suspicion. When the american colonists left england, they expected that their rights as englishman will travel with them. Generalthe new world, warrants began proliferating again. This time, in the form of a bit of assistance. A writ of assistance. This gave a allowance to search in order to recover goods. Be first tod would assist. Thus, writs of assistance. Massachusetts state governor, relied on the executive general to serve the order. In 1790, the southern secretary of state director of massachusetts colony to stop just not northern trade, but trade with the french indies. The merchantser, had an opportunity to challenge them in court. The merchants chose one of the leading writers of the time, james otis, junior. He resigned his position as deputy advocacy general to take the position. Case,nson in named after one of the assistants, remains one of the most famous in american history. More than 50 years after the event, president john adams, who was present at the time, said, overdose is a flame of fire. Everyman appeared to me to go as i did, ready to take arms against writ of assistance. To speak andood up something profound changed in america. Otis attacked the very concept. I will, until my dying day, up the powers of such instruments of slavery on one hand and villainy on the other as this wr it of assistance is. It rejects the fundamental rules of the constitution. Hearken back to charles i and james at i, he said it was this type of to spot it when king of england his throne and another his head. King has the potential to be a tyrant. Not just in behavior, but one backed by the law. They could use it to take revenge on others. Anyone could force others to his will. The freedom of ones house is his castle. And he should be as well guarded as a printed in his castle. Of assistance would totally annihilate this privilege. It was reflected, then and there was the first act of resistance to the arbitrary claim of great written. Then and there, the child independents was born. Americans were eager to ensure the United States did not have the same power to override their rights. So, the fifth of Virginia Convention assembled and the plan of the american public. Lee,e mason, Richard Henry thomas jefferson, and others. To mason fell the responsibility of drafting the virginia declaration of rights. Internet document, mason laid out the natural rights of man. Document, in that mason laid out the natural rights of man. Man has rights to limit the government. To be free of general warrant. The virginia declaration of that the general warrants, whereby any officer or messenger may be commanded to search suspected places without , orence of a fact committed to seize any person or persons not named, but offense. Along with the square of confess long it free to the colonists from tyrannical rule. 1770 six, benjamin franklin, james cannon, toms and others drafted a new constitution for the state of sylvania. In establish security from search and seizure of a road of the paper. Fromeople shall be free unreasonable search and seizure. By using the word unreasonable, sylvania meant Something Different than what is attributed to it today in the fourth amendment. It meant, against reason. Againstable meant reason. Against the reason of the common law. Anything against the reason of the common law was illegal. By using this term, unreasonable search, it they meant precisely general warrants because they violated the common law. Other states followed suit. These state constitutions transformed a colonial grill events about the rights to enter them as englishman into a important guarantee of individual rights. The founders ray wrote the articles of confederation into the constitution, state after state demanded a new clause be added to the bill of rights the building general warrants. The most lively and Intense Exchange place in the gillette. Check henry led the attack. Patrick henry led the attack. He demanded a bill of rights be added to ensure the protection of ancient liberties. General warranties or one of his particular concerns. I feel myself distressed, he said. Thingsy other valuable missing. General warrants, by which an officer may search suspected places without evidence of a commission or a fact, or seize a person on to be prohibited. The problem was that property can be taken in the most arbitrary manner without any evidence or reason. Everything considered sacred could be searched and ransacked by the strong hand of power. The virginia delegates went on to establish the protection against unreasonable search and seizure and general warrants. Article 16 stated that every to be frees a right from all unreasonable search and seizure of his person, paper, property. All warrants had to pay particular eyes. The debates in new york similarly highlighted the absence of a protection against warrants. For rhode island, it was only with the understanding the constitution will take into account and ratified the constitution. In maryland, antifederalist wind excise officers would be able to enter your home at all times, night or day and if you refused entrance, they could break open at your doors, trunks, desks, and ravage your houses from adam to cap. That to also asked for be included. Sylvania, north korea carolina,ia, north similar requests. Wrote, the rights of conscience, the freedom of the press, trials by jury. And the u. S. Constitution, the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and affects against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated. The first part of this clause as established as the prohibition on general warrants. Says what poet specifically is required for a specific warrant to be valid. History in mind, one could perhaps be forgiven for when theprised guardian announced that the United States was collecting the telephone records of millions of americans. This order required verizon to turn over all call records created by verizon for c