Of crazed bees medical enn handcuffing every african insides dragging his africans across the atlantic particularly into the caribbean. As you may know up until the middle of the 18th century london felt that the caribbean was more valuable than the north american mainland not least because the caribbean of course have the sugar plantations. Sugar was not only used to sweeten tea. It was also seen as something of a miracle drug believe it or not not. And jamaica and barbados in particular were the major sites at that particular time. The deregulation of the african slave trade and the onset of the arrow free trade of africans leads to predictable results. One result is immense profitability. You may know that the african slave trade was one of the most Profitable Enterprises in the history of humankind which is why the recent lasted for hundreds of years almight has been so difficult to erase the aftermath that still haunts us in 2014. That is to say that some of the profits of these voyages could amount to 79 . That is to say you invest 1 dollar get 1700 dollars back. Im sure many of you have lived in the United States long enough to know that there are those who would sell their firstborn child for 1700dollar profit let alone some african they knew nothing about and did not know. So with the onset of free trade and the slave trade you had a tremendous increase in the number of africans brought across the atlantic. We are talking about the late 1600s and early 1700s. This also leads to what the caribbean historians Walter Rodney talk about in terms of the takeoff i should say of the system we now know as capitalism capitalism. That is to say the african slave trade formed the spine and the backbone for the takeoff of the system we now know as capitalism. That is to say we brought all of these africans across the atlantic to work for free tremendous wealth was created. Tremendous wealth not only in terms of the direct cell of the africans but it led to the growth of allied allied industries such as shipbuilding for example such as insurance because i shall detail surely the africans oftentimes revolted and you needed insurance policies to compensate the slave traders for their losses such as banking for example to finance the african slave trade. Even after the africans arrived particularly i want to say the carolinas, particularly South Carolina which was an epicenter black life as it is to this day the authorities in South Carolina found that they had to build infrastructure, roads and bridges so the africans could get the militia they are to repress the revolt but of course when you build roads and bridges is not only useful for slavery but also useful for the takeoff of commerce. So we see the african slave trade formed the foundation for the system we now know as capitalism and as a footnote i see a number of reparations in this room, obviously what im talking about in this book provides a further rationale for the movement to garner reparations for the decades and centuries of unfree labor in the only question we should be devising is where the reparation should go and what it should be used for as the rationale for the reparations is ironclad. So to recapitulate in 1688 you have the glorious revolution which creates his wealth and leads to the takeoff of capitalism but it has another. As you may know and as you may readily and for people dont like being manacled and handcuffed and dragged across oceans to work for free under the lash of some white supremacist racist so they are rebelling like crazy particularly in the caribbean where the numbers and the ratios are in the favor, that is to say the africans are numbering the european Something Like 20 to one which is creating a rule conditions for a revolt. I talk about this in particular with regard to antietam which had many slaves which oftentimes leads the slave masters to make the greatest track from the caribbean to the north american mainland. But it also leads to thank you. Ive also leads to a phenomenon in jamaica that is to say the moran phenomenon whereby the africans are escaping the jurisdiction of the british and setting up their own systems of administration and ruled. There is a fear in the 1730s that jamaica would escape the administration of london, just as we know that from 1791 to 1804 and hispanola the haitian revolution occurred where the africans escape to the jurisdiction shall we say euphemistically of the french and set up their own system administration. As many of you may know it liquidated a good deal of the slaveowning class. There was a fear that this would ensue in jamaica as early as 1730 which was not beyond the realm of possibility because as you probably know it was in the middle of the 17th century approximately 1655 that the spanish were ousted from jamaica by the british not least because the africans had decided it was part of for this to go. The british caveman and they decide it was time for the british to go. In any case with all of this turmoil in the caribbean you have many of the slave masters deciding to cut their losses and make the great trek to the north american mainland. As a parentheses those who are from iowa South African history that term may resonate because theres a parallel between the two and perhaps you can ask me to elucidate in question and answer. In any case after making a great trek to the north american mainland this did not save the slave masters in the slave owners from the possibility of liquidation preceded by revolt. You may know in 1739 you have the revolt, perhaps the bloodiest revolted and north american mainland history where the africans rose up killed a few dozen europeans and it was thought we were launching to spanish florida because you probably know florida have been controlled by the spanish from the early 1500s and till 1820 when the United States takes over and turns it into the Sunshine State which is what it remains today. But bringing up the question of spain brings up a very important part of the story because the spanish have begun to arm africans as early as the 1500s. They had embarked upon an administration of White Supremacy and slavery that diverged from the british. But when the spanish began to arm africans and of course you may ask yourself why would the spanish arm africans . I will just tell you what london believed. I dont necessarily subscribe to this thesis because it has questionable religious overtones but i will repeat it in any case. London felt that the spanish had to arm the africans because the religious reasons, that is to say theres a religious cold war that is taking place between protestant london and cap at madrid and to a degree cap at paris. Londoners felt that because the spanish admitting so someone them into the priesthood and removing them from the possibility of wilting arms that they had no choice but to arm africans by the arm africans they did. This is putting Competitive Pressure on british do the same as particularly when britain began to fight the spanish over control of native americans land on the northern coast of south america in the city now known as costain yeah. In 1741 the british were administered a stinging defeat not the least because the spanish and armed africans who chased the redcoats from the shores of the northern coast of south america at a time when the settlers in north america, those who would go on to found the United States of america were very reluctant to fight on behalf of the british and south america because they had to engage in a nasty business of liquidating africanamericans in ousting them from their land and they felt their time is better spent doing that than fighting for more colonial conquests for london. Obviously this was inflaming the ire of london that these colonists were not necessarily reliable politically. I should also mention another point as well with regard to this libel between spain and britain which leads to the foundation of United States of america and that is that as you probably know the country known as ireland was in british possession. It could fairly be called one of the earliest colonial conquests but many of the irish were perceived as not being political reliable because they had a bone to pick with london as well. Some of the leaders and fact factor the spanish military were irish because they had defected to the other side because they would rather fight the english than to fight the spanish. You may have heard about the referenda than scotland just a few weeks ago where the scottish are threatening to bolt from United Kingdom. Scotland only became part of United Kingdom on a formal basis in 1707 in the midst of our story and the scottish two were perceived as being politically unreliable by london. All of this is helping to put more pressure on london to arm africans not only because of the perceived unreliability of the irish and the scottish, but also because spain is putting so much Competitive Pressure on britain to do the same so that the british ken bennett fight the spanish more competitively. But arming the africans is obviously something these north american settlers are hotly opposed to. The very thought to them was considered to be insanity. That is to say they felt that africans should not be armed that they should be marched at gunpoint into the fields to pick tobacco to create wealth for the slaveholders. So you begin to see the deepening rift and fischer fissure between this other class on the north american mainland and london and the londoners and the elite in britain on the other hand