Going to go down as a result of the refugee overflow. So a story being written. Priscilla gaines. I work a lot with professionals to deal with abuse. He said part of building resiliency is learning how to fail successfully. I love that. Could you talk a little bit about the youth and building resiliency through the parents and educators . Absolutely. I think we really do need to redefine what skills our Education System is trying to train for. Walter spoke eloquently in the last session about science and humanities and all of those. Obviously im an educator and i believe that all of those are critical but we need to teach our children how to cope successfully, how to fail more safely how to draw outside the lines, not just draw inside the lines. Our Education System is often focused on learning how to draw inside the lines. I think now i hope through this book and her other books that educators particularly in k12 will be thinking about that because we are losing our integration capacity and that edge. We pride ourselves on that and obviously we are still an amazingly innovative and entrepreneurial country but we could help our children to learn how to be better innovators and be more resilient. I appreciate. Its got to be another definition of resilience. I promise to the last questions are met. Bob diamond from boca raton. I was in your class at nyu. She was a baby when she taught it. Im looking forward to reading your book and i just wanted to ask you what jurisdictions have adopted some of these principles ahead of some of the others . We see San Francisco as amazing in terms of their degree of resilience and they are both preparing that they have recovered from the earthquake is really a way to Start Building innovation. They share the lifeline council. They have all elements whether its communications, electricity, government or integrated in their planning process. And now they have adapted because they of course are the home of air bnb and huber and the sharing economy and excess capacity is another roofing resilience feature so they have built that in. They use sweet feed which used to be a bark for the navy. Its now used to train all of their citizens on readiness and preparedness exercises. Its really amazing what they are doing. We see lots of that both in the United States and around the world and obviously we think of the dutch as being quite resilient. But they are doing it through hard infrastructure. I think what our work has shown is that in this day and age when we worry about Climate Change and other issues Green Infrastructure is a piece of the solution thats much less expensive and environmentally much more protective than the new framework of the 21st century. Giuda rodin thank you very much and thank you all. [applause] military historian Barrett Tillman recounts the air force and military exploits during world war ii in europe specifically the units attacked against nazi industrial facilities. This is about an hour and 15 minutes. Good afternoon everybody. I am barbara and this is the poisoned pen. Sunday the 12th im delighted to welcome back Barrett Tillman who has written over 40 books most of them nonfiction but i know you have been here didnt you go write something . Were you kind of their experts . With steve i contributed to two original fiction anthologies at his request. Steve has just been marvelous friend and colleague. In 1984 hour mutual publisher Naval Institute press send me a manuscript written by a vietnam war aviator called for each other. The publisher asked my opinion and i said this book is so good if you dont publish it i will. The next year was published. Steve and i kept in touch ever since. Than the herold coyle trilogy he came up with the concept of a Foreign Military contractor that does deniable work for the u. S. Government all over the world. That was a trilogy that was a fun change of pace for me because i hadnt done anything in the thriller realm at that time. So that was an education. I am sure it was a newer wonderful writer. I think youre nonfiction right with all the polls of the thriller. You grew up buying airplanes and where does the aviation background come from . Im in Eastern Oregon ranch kid grew up literally next to the family crop duster strip in my hometown population 950 in oregon and airplanes were always overhead. That combined with the fact that my dad had been trained as a naval aviator in world war ii meant i was infected with the virus from embassy. So i was blessed and i use that word advisedly barbara. I was blessed to grow up being able to help restore vintage airplanes and fly them and i guess overall i have had between five and 600 hours flying Navy Airplanes from the world war ii era. So thats been a tremendous benefit to me both in history and fiction. I am sure those that read understanding of encyclopedic knowledge. Speaking of encyclopedic knowledge im going to talk about the first but the dday encyclopedia which i believe is an update and probably if i work this out right to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the june 6, 1944 dday landing. Exactly right. Originally the book was published by bresees for the 60th anniversary and then it lapsed and i woke up one morning and realized oh my gosh in 12 to 14 months we are going to have the next, the 70th anniversary anniversary. So i eventually wound up with regnery doing an update and the main difference between the original and this is that all of the deceased states are now filled in. There are none of the historic figures. I hadnt even thought about that. I was going to ask if there was new material that has come out from a a list of records in that kind of thing that would have changed some of the information that you had in the original version. I did expand upon a few of the entries. I know one had to do with intelligence from the allied side and a couple of other entries were expanded on the basis of Additional Information. One of them had to do with the british and Canadian Navy participation. I found Additional Information on that. This has been very well received and as an author its always interesting to me to get feedback from my readers because two of them who dont know each other said this is a wonderful book because most of the entries are just the right length for a bathroom read. [laughter] i started this yesterday and i dont know where i was sitting but i just dipped in and out of that and one of the things, was born in 1940 so i dont have any actual memories of the war dj other than playing with my mothers stamps and my parents talk about many of these figures in the years after the war. So reading this was not just a refresher course but the entries about all the personalities are real things that you dont know. When you are living through at its difference vietnam was my war and now when i read about vietnam i think why did my knowing about them but you cant tell. One of the things that i thought was interesting was the personalities you talk about. We have Dwight Eisenhower who was the supreme allied commander and my question would be was he there because he was a great general are there because you is great at logistics are even greater politics . He was great at politics. The conventional wisdom for many years after the war was that ike was the one who held together the alliance and that is certainly an exaggeration. Its not as if the british and the french were going to take their and go home because they didnt like the fact that an american was the supreme commander. The other aspect was america provided a huge majority of the manpower for the liberation of northwestern europe. It was just a given that eisenhower for at least another senior american would be the overall commander. But in fairness his primary subordinates both were british. Portal was the Deputy Commander and the in the head of the navy and air campaigns also were british. So it was pretty much a balance between the angloamerican. It was certainly operation overboard in bearing components. You talk about you have a great fondness for but he did an awful lot in the european war. I was very fortunate to get to know general jimmy as he liked to be called somewhat and that will reflect later on. But of course he came to world prominence as opposed to National Prominence with the april 1942 bombing raid of tokyo and five other cities in that area. A daring concept launching twinengine bombs from an Aircraft Carrier and that aspect of it worked. It turned out they had to launch a few hundred miles earlier than expected so all the planes except one ran out of fuel. But that brought an immediate promotion to then Lieutenant Colonel doolittle to brigadier general. He received the medal of honor and he was almost immediately sent to north africa in late 1942 where he learned the general business running the north African Allied air forces and the u. S. 12th air force. So by the time he came to italy in november 43 to run the newly established 15th air force he was very much a known quantity and he was only there two months before eisenhower recalled him to britain to take over the eighth air force for the runup to dday. He had his problems in the sense that the weather didnt cooperate for dday. You have a very low cloud cover and the bombers ended up being too far back to really protect the people. The air plan that i found in the air force archives shows the normandy coast running mostly eastwest and the heavy bombers based in britain 30 miles away were approaching the german occupied beaches at a perpendicular angle from north to south. And the navy said we dont want the bombers dropping short because it will endanger the ships offshore. The bomb and ears added another french factor. Long story short most of the bombs fell 1. 5 to three miles behind the beaches and really did no to the landing turf. Trying to fly to heathrow is a relapse to go and they have the tides they have the tides to worry about too so there was really no perfect day other than incredible luck. Dday was originally scheduled for june 5 and eisenhower agreed the previous morning that they would have a 24hour weather holds and then after that it was either all or nothing because the next favorable tides and moon phase were about three weeks downstream. Isnt it amazing to think that this was kept a secret . Think about it today with satellites and social media and everything. I find it fascinating and we will get to that stuff in a minute but a couple of things that i picked up that i found fascinating. Movie director john ford gave him a big entry. Why . John ford was a navy and even though his prewar fame as a movie director had nothing to do with naval subjects as i recall he was born in maine and grew up on the rockbound coast so saltwater was in his veins early on. When world war ii started he basically knocked on the navy store instead here navy store instead here i am, make use of me. He was given a direct commission i think as a Lieutenant Commander with a film crew and he had visiting privileges almost anywhere. There is a little known but superb color documentary that his crew made right after the battle of midway in june of 1942 and he is wellknown for that documentary but less wellknown is the fact that his film crew was aboard navy and coast guard ships off normandy. Some of the combat footage we see in the Tv Documentaries were shot by his cameraman. Obviously you think about it but i was fascinated to see it. You know the person that i like the best is a british person, simon fraser lord leavitt. Lucky him there was actually a war. He was a man born to fight. Absolutely was. He was the senior commando in the British Armed forces born and bred in the Scottish Highlands and if there hadnt been a war he would have found a way to start one. Hes one of these as you say a naturalborn lawyer whose life would have been wasted in any other endeavor and even though he was severely wounded during the Normandy Campaign and he received the last rites in anticipation of death he told a subordinate later on the war is not over laddie so he got back into combat before the war ended. He was lucky that penicillin had been developed or he would not have survived those lands but it was fortunate that technology caught up with him. Youd talk about patton rommell that there are four or five that we should briefly mention. Charged Charles Degaulle is among the allies. He was a progressive military military before world war ii. He spent most of world war i as a prisoner of the germans but between the wars he became frances leading advocate of tank warfare and consequently his seniority with such that when france fell in june of 1940 degaulle effectuated to britain with tens of thousands of other freed french. He became a significant factor in allied planning. I think the most wonderful statement made about him was from Winston Churchill who said the greatest cross i must barrassp across of iran. The truth is somebody had to be running a french government so when the germans were forced back and kicked out they could actually function. There was a vacuum at that point and degaulle was able to do that. Most of us know up enough about churchill although you definitely talk about them. Still when you dont because he was not a figure in dday in this book is about dday. But i thought you said something about Franklin Roosevelt that i have often thought there are a lot of medical theories about if this person or this illness had gone on history would have been different. If napoleon hadnt suffered from hemorrhoids he may not have crossed the waterloo because he could not sit on his horse. Fdr in your judgment in this book should not have run for a fourth term. Correct, he was done. If you look at the films especially from the all the conference about six weeks before he died he really should have stepped down but it was not in him. The reason was of course there was a paralysis when he was so ill. There wasnt anybody able and i have read things that david patton could have made it but he was unable to because there was no american functioning command at that time from january to march and of course truman had been kept out of things. Thats correct. I always thought harry truman you know a person who had zero training for any of the role that fell upon him did an amazing job. You think about he learned from the treaty of her sigh. He did not have a functioning treaty. He did all that stuff you know and roosevelt had such contempt for him. It would have been fascinating to be the proverbial fly on the wall on the day truman was inaugurated when the chief of staff said mr. President there something you need to know thats going on out in new mexico. And hitler yumeg points and none of us give us points give him points for being a great human being but i think the same thing about napoleon, why russia . Why couldnt they just stick to europe and be happy with that and maybe thats not part of the personality like that. It apparently is not barbara. I think the one thing napoleon and hitler had in common was they were drinking their own koolaid. And alexander the great if we really want to go back. The great captains of history typically were a victim of their own success. I think thats true. We talked about people and to give a lot of space to the various armed forces land sea and air on the american the british and the german front which i thought was fascinating. Talk about the weaponry, the kinds of planes and the kinds of guns and you give credit to american gun designers mr. Browning in im sorry dont member the other one. Mr. Durand. John durand was born a canadian and became a u. S. Citizen and he was an employee of the u. S. Army ordinance service. He spends 12 years or so designing what became the m1 semiotic semiautomatic rifle which meant the u. S. Armed forces were the only ones in the second world for entirely equipped with a semiautomatic rifle. So that made a big difference. And then john m. Browning and nativeborn genius of utah gunsmith designed and held the patents on almost every automatic weapon that the United States used in the Second World War and the browning automatic rifle the automatic weapon and a light and heavy machine guns and the fabulous 1911 pistol that was an Frontline Service for 75 years and still is today. So he was a true american hero. You also give space to a guy that designed the Landing Craft. Hubble . Higgins. And i thought that was fascinating. Use another bootstrap for success story. He established a privatelyowned Boat Building Company in new orleans and he anticipated before the landing the need for massproduced Landing Craft in the event is that not a war but the next war. Its generically called the higgins boat and actually was the Landing Craft vehicle and personnel that made possible Amphibious Operations in every theater of action. I thought that was terrific. Also you finally cleared up for me various things about the kinds of airplanes or were used. We all know about the b. 47 the workhorse bomber. The b17. I had not realized that douglas r. Aircraft for c47 was basically a passenger plane that they managed to turn into personnel carrier . Thats right. It was a revolutionary douglas dc3 airliner made from the med to 19 midtolate midto late 1930s and the Army Air Corps recognized this has tremendous potential not only as a transport cargo airplane but it can deliver paratroopers. We could not have conducted the Normandy Campaign as we did without c47s. Otherwise you would have had to transform everyone by ship and even