Making of mass incarceration in america. Harvard bookstore is takes place on friday afternoons during the Academic Year as a way to highlight books in a wide range of scholarly fields. I next and final friday foreign featured malcolm case representing his new book on policing reform, handcuffed her to learn more about this and are many other upcoming events, visit us online at harvard. Com or pick up a copy of our flyer next to the door on the way out. Todays topic will include the time for questions on which we will have a book signing at this table. We have copies of from the war on poverty to the war on crime for sale at the registers. Are please to a cspan booktv here typing todays event. When asking question you will be recorded and later the second for the microphone to come to you before asking your questions. As always, todays title is 20 of part of how we say thanks for buying books from Harvard Bookstore. Or purchase support the help is series and support the bookstore. Finally, a quick reminder to seven your cell phones. Now, i am very pleased to introduce todays speaker, elizabeth hinton, assistant professor in the department of history and department of african and africanamerican studies at harvard were research focuses on poverty and racial inequality in the 20th century. She is coeditor of the book the new black history business in the second and essays have been published in the journal of american history, journal of urban history and time. Today she will discuss her new book, from the war on poverty to the war on crime. The guardian calls it a magisterial in history and the magazine writes and clear eyed and timely book traces the cannibalistic prison industrial calm . Back to the social Welfare Program created by Lyndon Johnsons war and poverty. The history is heartbreaking, but it is one that affects an anonymous percentage of the country. Read it and felt. We are so pleased to host the soccer here today. The straightman welcoming elizabeth hinton. Please join me in welcoming elizabeth hinton. [applause] thank you for that introduction into Harvard Bookstore for hosting me including me as part of friday foreign series. It is an honor and privilege to be here and thank you to all of you for coming out today. It is an incredibly busy time of year, but its overwhelming to see so many colleagues from a friend and especially students who i know are in the midst of finals. Thank you for coming out here so this book is really the first historical account of National Crime control policy and it traces the rise of mass incarceration in the United States. The guardian in its review calls it kind of it prefor prehistory to the work Michelle Alexander has done in her groundbreaking for new jim crow and i really take that as a compliment. If the product of a labor of love in the department of justice records in the files of the kennedy johnson, nixon, ford, carter and Reagan Administration. When i began the project a decade ago, i had to make the case to other africanamericans and historians to where we need to study crime control policy to understand development that happened in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement and now in the past two years, these issues are at the forefront of National Conversations and discussions and at the center of at least on the democratic side, the current political campaign. Even the fact you are here to hear about the topic shows weve come over the course of the time ive done this research to a new moment to where we are in terms of coming to terms with these issues and consequences of policy decisions made over the past halfcentury in this country. The book is deeply rooted in archival documents, but today i thought i would read from the app a lot called reckoning with the war and cried. I hope youll read the book. It provides the first narrative account of the rest of mass incarceration we have, but if you dont get to breathe the book, if you only read part of the book, i hope at least everyone will walk away with the implication that took me a decade of research to come too. I wanted to share some of these are few and we can get into conversation about the implication of the book, future directions for crime control policies are in a kind of questions about the book self. I would especially welcome questions about the ford and carter administrations because there has been a lot of focus on my work during the Johnson Administration rethink in the one poverty and rightfully so. Ford and carter are important in setting up or laying groundwork for the kind of crime control and prison infrastructure that Ronald Reagans death into when he took office. Epilogue. Reckoning with the wind cried. The putative transformation of domestic policy in the late 20th century United States followed in historical pattern in the shadow of emancipation and the National Policymakers stopped at the extension of formal equality and said no criminal laws and penal systems emerged in the form of wackos and convict the same. The systematic criminalization and incarceration of greed people shaped local and state lawenforcement practices from the beginning of the reconstruction 1865 until the start of the war and crime in 1965. After the dismantling of jim crow of militarized Police Forces in a criminal justice apparatus capable of a threshold of prisoners, the development of that earlier. The churn into a markedly different approach to social control and state authority. Suppressing the groups of antisocial and alienated back you poverty to fighting black youth crime for the remainder of the decade as policy makers introduce new measures and targeted urban communities. The concrete means to an access decent shelter, education and employment, poverty and crime increased during the ensuing 50 years of the Law Enforcement program. The crime control strategy federal policymakers develop come to grips with the opposite impact in the cities and neighborhoods they place under siege is one of the most disturbing ironies and has her of american domestic policy. By the time Ronald Reagan took office in 1981, africanamericans had become vulnerable on two fronts. A struggle against one another in a struggle with the institutions and policies that federal policymakers develop to fight the war on crime. Together the strategies at the core of the national Law Enforcement program or programs that decided the book so i hope you will learn about them in more detail. These include preemptive patrols the name to catch robberies in progress. Operations that create underground economies feature natalie would save policy that criminalize generations of black youth while decriminalizing white counterparts. Firearm sanctions that brought federal Law Enforcement authorities to the streets. Career criminal unit that created an expedited criminal Justice System for gang members in Security Program that made housing projects resemble detention centers. All of the season the trend towards internal violence and incarceration. The process of implementing these measures eventually gave rise to his directly to a personal network composed of punitive and social welfare is that patients with physical discourse of black criminality and pathological understandings of poverty serving as intellectual foundation. And in fact, the federal government on mobilization of the war on crime promoted a particular type of social control, one that signals the target arrest the americans and the subsequent creation of new industry to support this regime of control are not essential characteristics of domestic policy in the late 20th century. The decisions policymakers and officials and closer closer as part of a larger coalition made at the highest levels of government had a measurable consequences for low income americans in the nation. However unintended the choices may have been at different times and different political moments. Ultimately, the bipartisan consensus of policymakers fixated on the policing of urban space and eventually removing generations of young men and women of color from their communities to live in side present. We can excuse this historical trace name that by doing so, and will continue to avoid incitement still prevent the nation from fully realizing the promise of its founding principles. Until recently the devastating outcomes of the war and crime have gone relatively unnoticed but for Many Americans it appeared as though it discrimination ended with the Civil Rights Movement and the United Business beyond the Space Systems of expectation. Alongside the tremendous growth over the last 50 years, a fermentable black middleclass surface and africanamericans assume positions for the rest of black bears and 1970s to blackwell for popular consumption to the presidency barack obama. The systematic incarceration of citizens reflect to the natural order of things. The fact that some black americans had amassed substantial buffing capital do not mean historical racism and inequality has ended, which is not news to many of you in this room today. Africanamericans are more affluent after 1965 by the end of the 20th century with the net Financial Assets at the highest faith were 7448. Only 448 above that of the lowest it a White American households. The black middle class has always been concentrated in the public sphere in mobility tied to the extent of state spending on domestic programs. Celebrating the Racial Inclusion championed by africanamerican activists and their allies across the nation during black History Month every year, the fact that many Critical Reforms of the postwar period have been negated by National Crime control priorities remains unrecognized. Nine years after the passage of the Voting Rights act, the daughter last incarceration Supreme Court ruled the constitutional to deny convicted felons the right to vote. States have consistently removed ampersand in 1970 for richardson v. Ramirez decision. Today nearly 6 million americans , most of the matter to serve serve sentences are deprived of the franchise. As a result of the Racial Disparities in american policing and criminal justice practices, an estimated one of 13 africanamericans will not vote in the 2016 election due to a prior conviction. Because of that disenfranchisement and the punitive policies behind it, the key civil rights gain has come undone. The u. S. Census men that counts people who are incarcerated mans data in federal prison for his residence at the county where they are serving time. Sentencing turn determine representation. Although rural areas are home to minority of the u. S. Population, they are home to the majority of present. Ive been americans who tend to favor democrats lost representation because of how fellow disenfranchisement for rural districts tend to favor republicans gained next representation because of how the prison system works. Meanwhile, has the ability remained stagnant, Public Schools in urban neighborhoods are more segregated today than they were before the Civil Rights Movement. We must revisit principles of Grassroots Empowerment that guided the Early Development of the Great Society in order to begin moving towards a more equitable and just nation. The Johnson Administration included grassroots representatives and organizations in the industry should a social Welfare Program, but the policy director proved to be fleeting. Promising initiatives designed by grassroots organizations receive federal financial record during the first year of the war on poverty were increasingly required to include Public Officials in municipal authorities in toplevel positions following the uprising in august 1965. But for Community Action programs are given a chance to work on a wider level and for entire communities rather than individuals from a federal makers decided to define them in such course. Police forces took on a prominent role in urban life and social services in the neighborhood. One can only imagine that demanded a look like today had the bipartisan political consensus mobilized to have the principle of maximum feasible participation that feasible participation after the war on povertys Community Action program at the same link some level of commitment as they gave to the war on crime. Others sense that society was becoming unraveled in the context of civil rights and antiwar protests, federal policymakers held accountable for turmoil in instability in the wrong policy turn to deployed military raised Police Forces in urban neighborhoods and build more prisons instead of seeking to resolve the problems that caused the unrest in the first place. As the Nixon Administration that could terminate Economic Opportunity and increasingly partnered to produce what the Law EnforcementAssistance Administration, Community Involvement of the program was largely relegated to the lawenforcement realm. Even within the crime control apparatus, only 2 of the lawenforcement Assistance Administration awarded to urban Police Departments went to patrols and other communitybased programs. The white house and Justice Department were far more interested in supporting measures the stimulated Defensible Space and then newline parsing technologies in lowincome neighborhoods while using police correction antidelinquency of initiatives with Welfare Programs to the plot late, due to its own shared set of assumptions about race and unwillingness to disrupt the racial hierarchy that has defined the social political and economic relations of the United States historically, the bipartisan consensus that launched the intervention did not believe africanamericans are capable of governing themselves. Nixon expressed this sentiment to chief of staff. There is never in history that an adequate lactation the president had and they are the only race in which this is true. I know that nixons comments to domestic John Ehrlichman has been Getting Press lately. A number of posts i have in the book are more telling about the intent behind many policies that the administration. In a less conspicuous form, jimmy carter stressed grassroots participation is a critical component of administration punitive program. Authorities refused to fund groups such as the fleet to improve the Robert Taylor home which advocated strategies very much in line with its stated commitments of the administration but not to implement strategies without oversight from police and Public Housing authorities. When reagan took office, the rhetoric vanished from the domestic policy arena never to return. Its up to you to change what weve been talking about. Stemming from the punitive shifter in the previous decade over the course of the 1980s, Law Enforcement officers came to provide the primary and in some areas the only Public Social Services to residents. As the first line of contact between government authorities and the public, Police Officers assume various duties depending on the groups of citizens they are charged with protect them. Throughout the 20th century and into the 21st, Police Patrols and communities are expected to guard property from outsiders they segregated lowincome communities, their task is to search for suspects and remove offenders and potential offenders from the streets. Disproportionate numbers of africanamericans receive criminal records and prison sentences as a result of the differential approaches the Public Safety that policymakers enshrined in crime control legislation. They introduce in greater numbers of mostly white Police Officers in the nations most isolated urban areas, federal policy is polarized residents have my enforcement authorities. Only 4 of the sworn Police Officers who thought a war in crime during the second half of the 1960s and through the 1970s were of African American descent. A low figure given the low representation but the national arrest rate and inside the prison system. James baldwin obser