With incarceration . And here is what my attorney told me. He said we have to to stop up pp up walking that people up the were mad hatter in start locking of the people we are scared of. Those of the people the need to be incarcerated in stop blocking a people for the petty crimes but in the state of oklahoma. We have the idea. I agree with the statement although i would say we need to look harder who we think we are afraid evanston remember the peoplewe in prison are still in prison and we all imagine what you do with the rapist in the murder . Sebelius officially committing murder is a veryy tiny percentage of the prison populate population we have seen that are of poverty and racism of hand as a result theyre not necessarily bad choices but this is mirrored throughout the globe whether we talkhat about blacks and latinos from south africa when the Aboriginal People so we should be careful around this division is far moreds. Complex. Super max is 1 dash solitary confinement driven prison supposedly for the worst of the worst. At i put that into quotation marks then the model was imitated around the worldth the prominent feature is extreme solitary confinement over 23 hours a day i visited a federal super max one has been built in brazil that was literally a living hell on earth where people a go insane before their eyes because he now from psychological studies that that level damages permanently. E us as will also mix the u. S. That the status for the worst of the worst but it is used ass a Political Tool asses looking at a corrections officer the wrong way can into solitary confinement to damage them for life than the bus that. The next call comes from carol in texas goahead. Caller my question is what you recommend how should the states handle those . E . We talked about that a little bit earlier. I dont dramatically distinguished with crime setter drugrelated or not but i am in favor of legalization of most substances with a different policy they should be treated as Public Health and not criminal justice. But i can add when it comes to categorize is Violent Crime i dont see prison as a moral response at all those things we need to get the criminalJustice System where it needs to be to restore artur justice at the heart of the system than the global world would look very different. For those that have their Voting Rights taken away it just seems like additional way to punish people to strip them of citizenship. Grey question. I can honestly say in almost every country i visited at a certain point when i was in the most painful places somebody would say i cannot believe you still have the Death Penalty or life in the d prison i heard i cannot believe someone comes home from prison in cannot vote. In that is extremely rare, when you come home you have yourha rights restored it is an appalling problem of free entry we send people to prison to stigmatize them for life and that is something that america does well. What about the recent conversations of prison prison m reform and that the Koch Brothers have advocated . On the one hand i am excited it is wonderful that we see unprecedented levels but i keep on my cynical had because much of the conversation tends to be economic because were going broke off of that day and im an advocate for notd wasting money but if it is just about finding somethingpe mass incwe can find it cheaper given the oppression of the weekend find cheapero a ways so i want to address this on a moral or social level isnt only about dollars and cents. The bucket is incarceration nations index call comes from californiaia. Goahead. Caller i was wondering about the aspect of the privatisation of prisons and the concept of prisons can you address that subject . Im glad you asked. Private prisons are very much in the public eye. That is one of our candidates in my book but to private prisons andisons. Australia the largest number percentage of people in anyone who looks at this issue we know that their eagerness the dangerous that they make money off the incarcerations of humang beings with tremendous fr lobbying power of a billion Dollar Industries to have control of a legislature quite clearly so they can make money it is a terrifying reality and it isprir true that private prisons are what we started in the west. But what i remind people is when it comes to the intertwining of capitalism prison or , this happens talking private or stateey prison. There is a lot of industry and capitalism talking about phone companies, prisons, prisoo labor, items made in prisons around the nation and aroundnd the world. A very dangerous combination teeseven sherman oaks california goahead. Caller hello. I cave in late so possibly you discuss this but my question concerns whether or not have you been a victim and how this has affected your ideas on this topic i had been physically . Assaulted and on anotherer occasion i have had my a home burglarized i have also had relatives and friends and one was permanently injured and she was in your eighties when somebody triedwh to take her purse teesevenec so how has that affected your view of the incarceration and other issues . I tried to stay is liberal and open minded as i to pri and a post to private prison for profit or the Companies Making money off ofminals. Criminals for every good thing that we can do the from the american viewpoint but also the people who just cannot behave well these terrible experiences theyve still trying to reconcile if we are a victim of the types that i have described. That is a very thoughtfulec response i appreciate that with your victimhood in what youve been through i have not been the victim and i talked about this in theok in rw book to continue the thread throughout the book i firmly believe they should be a part of the criminalJustice System that you deserve to live in a society where youre not victimized so it is incumbent upon us to build a safer community. Deservt and likewise you deserve to be served by a justiceterms system in terms of restitution in preparationsdese of all things that victims are deserving of. And also with our capacityo with viccan empathize with victims to meet their needs as well. Caller it is so expensive as they choose go probation thenceforth could fall lot about people andsociety paying their debt to society. You use your gun rights. You are prepaid very important issue of reentry i am glad you mentioned those bonds there is a lot around the way that we mesh that Justice System with people having to paid massive finesd or pay for the info monitoring device that there are fees associated and decriminalized poverty and again in a way to again, ytly stigmatize someone. You cannot live as a productive citizen when youct are permanently stigmatized housing or social services ciat you need to be aa productive citizen there is a Great Movement calledle bayer of the box that you have to say i had a criminal history on job applications but even colleges that require people to read mittpe their status bin create restrictions andhe by doing ttion against them. We dont make anybody well by doing this. So if you think they have committed a crime but to violate parole as to not allow people to become productive citizens. As professor of english and the author of the book incarceration nations. This history is heartbreaking that its one thabut its one tn enormous percentage of the country. We are so pleased to host here today. Please join me in welcoming elizabeth. [applause] thank you for the introduction and for hosting me and including me as part of the series. Its an honor and a privilege to be here. And of course thank you for coming out today. I know it is an incredibly busy time of year but its overwhelming to me to see so many colleagues, friends and students who i know are in the midst of their finals, so thank you for coming out. This book is the first account of National Crime control policy and has the rise of mass incarceration in the United States. The guardian in its review called it kind of a prequel that is done in the groundbreaking jim crow and i take that as a compliment. Its the product of a labor of love and justice records and the finals of the Kennedy Johnson nixon and ford, carter and reagan administration. When i began the project i had to make the case to others why we need a policy to understand it happened in the aftermath of the Civil Rights Movement and now especially in the past two years these issues are in the forefront of the discussions and at the center of the democratic side of the current political campaign. So even the fact that you are here shows the course of time ive done this research to a moment where we are in terms of coming to terms with these issues and the consequences of the issues that have been made over the past halfcentury in this country. The book is deeply rooted but i thought i would read from the epilogue that is called reckoning with the one. I hope you will read the book. It provides the first narrative account of the rise of mass incarceration but if you dont get to read the book you only read part of the book i hope everyone will walk away with some of the implications that it took me a decade of research to come to. I want to share some of these with you and we can go into the conversation about the implications of the book and the directions for the crime control policies and reform and questions about the book itself. I want to especially welcome questions about the board and the Carter Administration because theres been a lot of focus on the Johnson Administration and rethinking the war on poverty rightfully but they are kind of important in setting up and laying the groundwork for the kind of crime control and prison infrastructure that Ronald Reagan is into when he took office. The epilogue reckoning with the war on crime. The transformation of domestic policy in the United States followed a historical pattern in the shadow of emancipation the National Policymakers stopped at the extension of the formal quality and instead of new criminal laws and penal systems emerged in the form of contact lee sings. The systematic criminalization and incarceration of the freed people and their descendents shaped local and state Law Enforcement practices from the beginning of the reconstruction in 1865 until the start of the war on crime in 1965. After the dismantling of jim crow as militarized Police Forces in the apparatus capablee of sustaining a new threshold of prisoners, the development of the earlier period matured into a different approach of the social control and state authority. Approaching equal opportunity and crime control programs in the society satisfied that all policymakers desire to expose poor americans to the values while suppressing the groups of antisocial and alienated black youth that they blame for the collective violence in the second half of the 1960s. National priority is shifted from fighting the black youth poverty to the crime for the remainder of the decade as policymakers introduced new patrol and surveillance measures in targeted communities. In the programs that provided a concrete means to access decent shelter and education and employment. They developed the groups that have the opposite impact in the cities and neighborhoods they placed under siege as one of the most disturbing irony i ironiese history of american domestic policy. By the time Ronald Reagan took office, African American africae become vulnerable on two fronts, the struggle against one another, and the struggle with the institutions and policies that federal policy makers developed to fight the war on crime. Together the strategies that a Law Enforcement program committees are programs i describe in the book so i hope you will learn about them in more detail but these include preemptive controls that aim to catch robbery is in progress, sting operations that created underground economies, juvenile delinquency policies that criminalize the generations while decriminalizing the white counterparts and firearm sanctions the broad federal Law Enforcement authority to the streets and career criminal court units have created an expedited criminal Justice System and security programs that made housing projects resemble detention centers. All of these facing the trend to internal violence and incarceration. It gave rise to the social Welfare Institution with statistical discourses and pathological understandings of poverty serving as its intellectual foundation. It affects the federal governments long globalization of the war on crime permitting a particular type of social control, one that signals the target of the rest of the marginalized americans and subsequent creation of new industries to support this regime and control him on the central characteristics of the policy in the late 20th century. The decisions policymakers and officials in close as part of a larger coalition made up the highest levels of government had a measurable consequences. However unintended of some of those choices may have been at different times and different political moments. Ultimately however, the bipartisan consensus fixated on the policing of urban space and eventually removing the generations of young men and women of color from the communities to live inside. We can excuse the actions and choices the actors made as a product of their time or as an electoral tactic that by doing so it will continue to avoid the enslavement that prevent prevene nation from fully realizing the promise of its founding principles. Until recently the devastating outcomes. It ended with the Civil Rights Movement and the United States had to move beyond the system of exploitation. Exploitation. Alongside the tremendous growth of Law Enforcement over the last 50 years, the black middle class surfaced and africanamericans assumed position with greater visibility with the 1970s. The discourses of the pathology and personal responsibilities even further making it seem as though the systematic incarceration of entire groups of racially authorized citizens reflected the order of things. The fact that some have substantial wealth and capital doesnt mean historical racism and a quality has ended, which im sure isnt news to many of you in the room today. Africanamericans grew after by the time of the 20th century the access of the highest households were 7,448. Only 448 above that of the fifth of households and the black middle class has always been concentrated in the public and social services where ability is tied to the state spending on domestic programs. Celebrating the inclusion by the activists and their allies into classrooms during black History Month every year the fact that many of the Critical Reforms of the period has been negated by the priority is remain unrecognized. For instance, nine years after the passage of the Voting Rights act the dawn of mass incarceration, the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional for the convicted felons the right to vote. Theyve consistently removed from the rules o rolls of her se 1974 Richardson Ramirez decision and saying nearly 6 million americans most of whom had already served their sentences are deprived of the franchise. As a result of the Racial Disparities in american policing and criminal justice practices, an estimated one out of 13 africanamericans well not vote in the 2016 election due to a prior conviction. Because of the enfranchisement and the policies behind it. To make the situation worse, it counts people that are incarcerated in the state and federal prisons as residents of the county where they are serving time. The count in turn determines representation. For the areas are the homes of minorities in the u. S. Population they are home to the majority of prisons. In other words, urban americans who tend to favor democrats because of the disenfranchisement that tend to favor republicans dean extra representation because of the prison system works. Meanwhile, as the mother but he remained stagnant for many of the neighborhoods are more segregated today than they were before the Civil Rights Movement. We must revisit the principles of the representation and poured a glass roots empowerment that guided the development of the Great Society in order to begin moving towards a more equitable and just nation. The Johnson Administration included representatives organizations in the administration of social welfare programs the program proves to be fleeting. The initiatives that had been designed by the grassroots organizations received federal funding directly while increasingly required to include Public Officials and municipal authorities in the toplevel positions following the uprising in 65. Before the Community Action programs were given a chance to work on a wide level and for an entire community rather than the individuals, federal policymakers decided to fund them and switch the course. They took on a more prominent role in urban life and social services in the neighborhoods. One can only imagine what the United States might look like today as a bipartisan political consensus that lies behind the principle of maximum feasible participation that steered the war on poverty Community Action programs with the same length and level of commitment as they gav