To survey those medical aspects and we want to have an Automated System that have made space travel possible. I wanted to try to fold all of this in not just hit the astronauts themselves and neil armstrong. The interesting thing about this book. That is it expands it from 1783 to the present and i know a couple of you are probably saying 1783 what is that relate to space exploration. Im going to sing in on here for my. Three definitions of space. And that is really where im going to begin as a definitions of space. Has back before we had rockets and et cetera space was anything off the ground. And in fact back in 1783 the French Brothers were able to build the first hot air balloon they lofted two meant for the very first time in 1783 off of the service. For them space therefore was off the ground. I would have a hard time doing that on my first flight. The early explorers and i take that from 1783 to about 1920 to 1930. They were very simply those people were writing and thats not much a beating you can do. You are at the mercy of whatever left you are generating with either hot air helium or hydrogen. And you work the ballast in order to go up and down and you hope the windows went to take you somewhere productive. From 1783 to 1920 anything in any altitude off the surface of the earth was space. But 1930s we started going higher and higher above 30,000 feet and into the stratosphere and when we did that we discovered that it reacts adversely to High Altitude and one of the first aspects that you encounter as temperature because as you go up the temperature goes down three and a half degrees per thousand feet. So if its a nice sunny warm day here in albuquerque and you get on the tram and you go up to the sandy peak crest is 5,000 feet above our cookie our cookie can be about 77 degrees up there and you feel that. Just about everybody has been on the tram. And you feel that as you go up the change in temperature. The second thing that we discovered is that oxygen although it is always the same percentage about 20 of the atmosphere because of the pressure going down your lungs and your body absorbs less oxygen. You can get the same transfer of oxygen into the hemoglobin of the blood. As you go up and altitude the pressure decreases 1 inch per thousand feet. For those of you that are centigrade thai people. Where the body has reacted by the time you get to 63,000 feet the pressure is about 47 millimeters of mercury remembering that sea level is 763 militant meet yours. Its very small and slight pressure and it creates a partial pressure imbalance in the body. And because blood is made mostly of water and water at sea level boils at 212 degrees and at 63,000 feet it boils at your body temperature. It is going to boil and turn into vapor. This 63,000 feet then was defined by harry armstrong. Back in the 40s and 50s. It is called the armstrong limit. If you want to go beyond 63,000 feet you need to have some kind of pressurized environment. By the way if youve any questions you have any questions dont hesitate to ask. The third definition that we are talking about here is 100 kilometers or 62 miles. And that is a rather arbitrary number. In order to verify records for space travel. For duration and hype and thing like that. It is administered by the federal ration. It was actually defined in 1905 where airplanes started flying so we have a regular body that would determine and validate records. And so after the space age began the fai as they were known have to come up with an official definition of space. Our third definition and of course 100 is a nice round number. It works out to 62 miles. Anytime you exceed that number you are in the official realm of space we have the space for down here and hopefully in a few more years there are some private enterprises that are going to start taking people on rides above 62 miles. You will hear that in the reporting. They have to go past 62 miles for them to be considered in space. See mccann glad you asked that. First question. That happens to be Joe Kittinger jumping out of a balloon at 1002000 feet back in 1961. That was a long way up there. Just so you have a reference there is 28 chapters in the book. It is kind of interesting to see him jumping out here. He has tape taking some equipment onto this other box that has equipment on it that he was sitting on. And so that is his instrumentation container. It couldve been used for other sanitary things if i was the one making the jump. I would probably need a box that big. Joe is still with us by the way. He lives in florida. He is a little older than most of us. But he is just as cocky as he was back in that era. A really neat guy. I wanted to add one other thing here. Each g hg wells and you may remember him because he is the author of war of the worlds here at the in the late 1800s and it was about the invasion of earth from mars. Which is kind of amazing for that time he was the first one to use the term outer space. And that has taken on somewhat of an honest connotation over the years. There we go. Three definitions of space. The book examines the role of Science Fiction because Science Fiction played an important part in the exploration of space. The Science Fiction writers like hg wells and excited the imagination of young people around the world and caught them interested in looking at what the problems are in getting people into space. And so a lot of the early inventors they all read these sciencefiction authors and were motivated by them. And of course many of these early inventors formed rocket societies or became members of that in the late 20s and 30s. That was a place to be. That is where you spend your friday nights and saturdays was getting together and talking about and experimenting with rockets. These led to engineering advances. And of course the primary advances of that era actually came out of world war ii because one of the early inventors and members of a Rocket Society was the person who was responsible for most of the innovation that came in world war ii and as one of them. He was working for the nazis on the v2 a terror weapon of that. I will say a little bit more about that later. So in addition to the Science Fiction writers. We also had space medicine coming of age in the late 40s and 50s. And there were two primary people in the United States who worked with that and one was the settlement right here. Right down here at the air force base. That is a still from a frame of a movie. It was documented. The ride down the sled. Most of you get a big enough thrill at 80 miles per hour. He is doing 600 miles per hour. We all know about the loveless clinic. [inaudible] this was the rocket engine. It took what they got this inside back in the early 1940s. How can you get them at a steady rate. Turbo pumps were all a part of the innovation. That the team came up with during that time and its unfortunate that it was used as a terror weapon but ultimately the engineering got into the United States as well as a soviet union and helped move us along towards the moon as we will see. That is what the book has there. It also provides a Historical Perspective and this is an area that i feel very deeply about perhaps because i lived through most of this. I was a teenager in the 50s and the things that were going on just before the russians launched the first satellite in the astronauts went into space i was deeply involved in. So deeply that i still had boxes full of magazine articles and newspaper articles that im trying to figure out what to do with now. But it is really interesting to go back and read these things that are 60 to 65 years old. I still get excited about it. In many cases what i provide in the book is a very concise reading of the political impact of the soviets. There is several chapters there that show how it changed. The selection of the first astronauts and of course i detail some of the work that Randy Loveless did in making the selection. The excitement of the first flights, as i tried to recreate these events, i remembered back those things that got me so excited about these flights, and i tried to, in words, bring excitement to my reader. Of course, the commitment to land a man on the moon was a very historic commitment that john kennedy made in 1961. All while america had 15 minutes of experience in space with alan shepherd. So, its also interesting, is a went through and did research on this, even after the commitment was made to go to the map, there were scientists who were coming to president expend his science adviser saying we dont think you can do this. So for kennedy that was kind of a difficult thing for him to handle. He did it very well. Okay. What i have here, by the way, are some of the headlines, newspaper articles, i cut out 60 years ago and saved, and its interesting to see what some of these revealed. Confident confidence in u. S. Is held impaired because the sovietes, who were supposed to be a backward nation in the mid1950s, were able to launch the first satellite. What does that tell you about their technology, about their ability to handle Nuclear Weapons and destroy us at will . Capitol is calm somebody had to say, calm down, guys, calm down. This is interesting, soviet education far ahead of u. S. In science stressed. One of the biggest myths that got perpetrated was that the reason the soviets were first is because they had taken their population and made scientist out of them. They created an environment in which every person had the ability to get a good education, when in fact the soviets took a very thin strata of their population, they selected people because they saw in them a good intellect and motivation and they educated them. It was not a broad spectrum. The millions of people, young people who were still on the collective farms spending most or their time doing farming fard not education, and 150 15 years after this occurred and there was a great turmoil in our Public Education system, a big change that occurred in the early to late 60s, the s. A. T. Scores over that 15 years dropped 15 points. Interesting. Okay. After the great space race, we tried to make space more affordable, and in doing so, we created a vehicle that could be reused but in doing so, we identified and had to compromise another a lot of interesting factor related to safety. These came back to bite us because was nasa was not able to effectively manage the risk, at a bureaucratic level, not technical level. If you look at the two tragedies that occurred in the shuttle program, challenger and columbia, it wasnt a result of the hightech liquid high dre general engines or the computerized profiles the rocketed had to fly. It was because of rubber orings and foam, twoing whichs that are common and should not have caused the demise of those astronauts. Of course, this raised the possibility of getting private enterprise into the space business, because typically private enterprise can do it bet and cheaper. We have not seen that transition yet but we are beginning to see a little bit with firms like spacex. If you have been following spacex and watching the big rockets come back to the launch pad and land vertically to be reused, its pretty impressive. Okay. I also talk about permanent presence in space, the space stations, and we have again sky lab to sure and the iss are International Space station which has been manned over 15 years, and were seeing private enterprise, with a fellow named beg lowe, trying to get bigelow, trying to get into this. Are we going have a permanent presence in space . A good question. It appears so but wait a minute. Iss is scheduled to be decommissioned in 2024. Only six years from now or so. So what is going to happen after the iss . I want to talk a little bit about my personal effort to create the book. 633 pages. People say, thats a big book. More impressive to me was the fact it was 210,000 words and that comes out to be 1. 2 million key strokes. These two fingers im not a touch typist these two fingers every once in a while i use the pinky for the carriage return. Can you imagine sitting at a computer and just hit randomly hitting the keys 1. 2 million times. Whew. Okay. Now, one of the thing is wanted to do, i want this book to be readable by the average person with a high school education, so i wanted the reading level to be no greater than 12th grade. And so what i have is you cant see that very well. Im sorry, but this came right off the screen from microsoft word, when you develop or input a document into word, and run this spell check, at the end of spell check you have the option of getting the reading level, and it looks at the sentences per paragraph, words per sentence and the number of characters per word. So obviously the longer ward words and the more complex paragraphs, the more involve the reading level is. Didnt take this for in the whole book. Should have done it when i first created it. What i did was i grabbed 3,000 word out of the book and just ran this index on it and it came up with 12, which is High School Level senior, 12. Interesting point. The New York Times is written between sixth and eighth grade level. I dont know where the wall street journal is any better than that, by the way. Okay. Where am . I there i am. 149 illustrations. Wanted to profusely illustrate this, but the publisher didnt want the same thing. They didnt want a bunch of pictures of rockets going like this, so i didnt want a bunch of pictures with rockets going like this. Theres a few. Just to be sure. But i wanted to get more detail of the people and the engineering innovations that im talking about here, and so the 194, one of the thing i needed was line drawings, and i learned to use the microsoft word feature of draw. If you have never used it, its very impressive. The following picture was made with microsoft draw. And unfortunately its not very clear, but i trust you can get an indication of how good you can make something with microsoft draw. Theres about 20 illustrations in there that were done like this. Another thing, my previous book, astronautics, has been used as a college text, and in dealing with the publisher who took on this project, they wanted it also to be available as a text and to have those kinds of features that a college text might have, and so as you read through the book and get to a phrase or word that might not be in common use for example, the word orbital decay. To the average person might not mean. You can infer things from it about what ive done is created boxes that have the side bars, and theyre shadowed in so they stand out. So as youre reading through the text and you get to orbital deday you can read what it is because you can come back and pick up the side bar that will describe to you what orbital decay is. Theres 60 of these throughout the book. Okay. It took me total, about 5,000 hours and 14 years. I started around 2003, and i say around because i dont even remember the day i started doing this. But that is a good starting point. If you realize that in a given year, the average person working 40 hours puts in 2,000 hours in a year, you can see theres only two and a half years of effort in here scattered over 14 years, okay . So, that gives you some idea that, yes, there is a significant effort, but when you put it over a period of time like that, youre able to do other things. I can do the dishes, i can make the bed, can vacuum the upstairs. Okay. So, you want to have a life. Let me put it that way. You want to have a life in order to have a wife. So that gives you some idea of the effort that went into this. Now i want to talk a little bit about finding a publisher, because for midnight writers that most writers that is a challenge. Im going to get a little water here. Excuse me. Now im good for another 20 minutes. I went out well, had two publishers i had been working with, schicker but they didnt do space books. They do aviation books. And genie publishing and the went out of business after the 2008 decline in our economy. So, my ability to have an existing publisher was nonexistent. Decided to look at university publishers, and the first thing i discovered was unm was not interested in space books. That surprise me because new mexico has a great heritage in aviation in space. I then went to university of nebraska and the university of florida, and florida came back very strong, and they said, yeah, wed like to publish this, but now the interesting thing with florida was, they just werent going to publish anything. They wanted me to provide them with three authorities that could verify the accuracy of my work. Fortunately, i happen to have Three Friends that i had clavated over the years, one cultivated over the years, the most prominent was sid guitierrez, former air force pilot and a shuttle commanderment cant get too commander, get get to much more significance of a person working on your side than sid. The second person was marian dyson, and marian is a former flying controller at houston. So, that is the other side of the ground team. You have the astronaut and you got the ground team. And for the third person, got dave findly, and i knew through the several air patrol. He is the pr guy at the very large array, so those were my three individuals, and marianne in particular really jumped into this thing. She has authored several books on her own so she knew where the was going with this. She gave me some great advice on style, and validating various historical expects. She put a lot of work into this. I was just impressed with that. As did sid, by the way. Once you gain that credibility, once the publisher get thursday reviews back from these three people, thats when they really get turned on because now youre not just a pile of 210,000 words. Youre a saleable commodity. Now, one other thing, though. You dont have the product out the door yet. Youve got to do editing, illustrations and an index, the editing, a gal named patty bowers. Im had some pretty good editors, one of whom is here, and ive had to pay them a couple of dollars, which is always i gave her, a couple of dollars. But the University Press of florida hired this gal, patty bowers, and she worked for three months on it. Thats impressive. Thats quite a installment of confidence in the book. And so she and i went back and forth with email, and she didnt just read for commas and periods and dangling part sippals. She she read for understanding ship wasnt a rocket person but if she read a sentence or paragraph and didnt quite jibe with her, she would come back and say i dont understand whatever youre trying to say there that was wonderful to make sure that somebody was reading this from the standpoint of a typical reader. I could