Rogramming on American History every weekend on cspan 3. Cspan s on twitter at history for information on our schedule with the latest history news. Each week american artifacts takes viewers into Historic Sites around the country. Baltimores fort mchenry is celebrated as the birthplace of the starspangled banner, where American Forces withstood an allnight bombardment by the british navy and turned the tide of the war of 1812. But the fort continue to make history for years playing an Important Role in the history of the civil war, world war i, and beyond. American history explores the history of fort mchenry after starspangled banner. My name is vince vaise. Im chief of interpretation at fort mchenry historic shrine, the birthplace of the starspangled banner. One of the most asked questions are large cannons, the ones that are used to fight off the british in the war of 1812. The answer is no. These guns were manufactured during the American Civil War, 50 years after the war of 1812. It shows the great layeredness of history that fort mchenry had. Fort mchenrys history begins with the words of francis got key. But the fort has made direct contributions to practically every american war since the war of 1812 right up to our own present time. In a very unique way that americans bond with the National Anthem, bond with the American Flag. Lets explore how fort mchenrys history as evolved. We will see how different garrisons and people who were here at this fort saw the same stars and stripes but derived different meanings. Were going to go inside the fort where we will uncover the Hidden History of fort mchenry. Fort mchenry really has a layered history. You can literally see that behind me. For example, during the bombardment of 1814, all of these buildings were single story. The second story and porches were added in 1830. During the civil war years, fort mchenry was garrisoned by union forces. However, baltimore had loyalties on both sides. Many for the north but also many for the south. First the first bloodshed in the civil war was in the streets of baltimore. First as pennsylvania troops are moving through the city on the 18th of april. Then even worse on the 19th of april as massachusetts troops were marching to the city, a large proconfederate mob descended. Gunshots were fired on both side. When the smoke cleared, four soldiers were killed, and nine baltimore civilians were killed and many wounded on both sides. That was the first deaths of the civil war, the most costly conflict in American History. It was a lot of fear around it. Would baltimore be prosouthern . Would it take the entire state of maryland out of the unit . Not long thereafter, Benjamin Butler occupied federal hill, a large hill near the inner harbor and aimed their cannons at the city. The big cannons of this fort were swiveled onto the city itself. There was another proconfederate right, fort mchenry could bombard baltimore back into the union. The second anyone accused of aiding and supporting the southern cause would be arrested. Many of those arrested would be brought to this very room in which i am now standing. President Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus. That meant that people could be arrested and brought here and detained and held here for no specific crime, and not even given a trial in front of their peers or in front of a judge. Many people saw this as an abuse of rights. Some in baltimore said, lincoln has set himself up as king and fort mchenry is his baltimore bastille, an allusion to the king of france. One man who was brought here to fort mchenry was john merryman. John merryman was an officer and a proconfederate horse unit called the Baltimore County horse guard. Even though they had been disbanded, they had a reputation of being prosouthern. He was arrested under the pretext of Training Programs that are proconfederate on his property. Merryman was brought here and held in one of these rooms. Perhaps in this very room. Word got out and the chief justice of the Supreme Court at that time, who happened to be in baltimore, actually condemned the decision. He condemned it as a more local judge in chambers. But he issued a stern condemnation on president lincoln, saying that lincoln did not have the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and not only did he himself not have the power, but he delegated that power to other Union Officers in the area. In clear violation of the constitution of the United States. Not long thereafter, a federal marshal, taking his orders came to fort mchenry to demand the release of john merryman. And he was turned away at the gates by Union Soldiers under the orders of the Commanding Officer of fort mchenry, saying, he took his orders from the president , and the president ordered that merryman stay detained. At fort mchenry, in those early days of the civil wars, it was a constitutional crisis, a time where at least one representative of the Judicial Branch and the executive branch came at loggerheads with one another. These were swift, decisive measures that the union, the Lincoln Administration took to secure baltimore for the union cause, by securing baltimore for the cause, it helped keep the state of maryland from seceding from the union, and that resulted in maryland staying loyal to the union cause as well. So, fort mchenry was an Important Union fort during the civil war. I would also like to take you into a cell where we can also see where lincoln violated the constitution again. Ironically, to help a confederate soldier. So, the cells we are about to walk past, this was solitary confinement during the civil war. Suspected spies were kept here. You could almost look at this as the death row area of fort mchenry. There were three known executions here during the American Civil War. I want to talk to about an execution that almost happened and it almost happened to the man who actually stayed in this specific cell. Midway through the American Civil War, an officer for the confederate, henry hall was arrested. He was arrested and put here at fort mchenry in this cell and accused of being a confederate spy. Of course, that had the Death Penalty attached to it. He fully expected he would be executed by being hung after a few weeks or perhaps a few months. So you could imagine a mental anguish he went through in this cell. In addition to the physical anguish, he said he was never given anything to write. His bathroom was a bucket. The only thing he had to sleep on was a strong mattress. The cell is drier than it was 150 years ago. He said green slime came down these walls. After a while, his skin turned white. Now, this is a story that shows that lincoln violated the constitution, but i think it shows the great compassion that Abraham Lincoln had for those who did not like him. When the writ of execution went across lincolns desk, he had the man tried under ex post facto law. It says in the constitution there shall be no ex post facto law. You cannot arrest a person and then accuse them of a crime that was not stated as being a crime or on the books at the time the man was arrested. That is exactly what lincoln had with henry hall brodgen. Lincoln did not want this man to hang. He created an ex post facto law, and he was tried for entering union lines without sufficient permission and without a pass, which carried on lesser penalty. This man was transferred up to a union fort outside of new york city. He stayed there for a few months. Then he was eventually released. So, yes, lincoln violated the constitution. By the same token, he did that to say this mans life. Ironically, this man did not know what lincoln did. We know he was a proconfederate. It is very unlikely he would have remotely liked or supported president lincoln. Yet, reflecting Abraham Lincolns compassion, he pulled these strings so that later he would not suffer the Death Penalty. I wanted to take you up here. Share a couple more civil war stories with you. And then also, talk about how different americans saw the Stars Stripes here at fort mchenry and in baltimore during those critical years. The sign here shows an interesting story of the American Civil War in the first year. In july 1861, some of the more prominent, wealthy ladies from baltimore were invited by the Union Commander to come to fort mchenry. John dix. For an afternoon luncheon, small tea party. After that broke up, he led them up to this point, where there was a large cannon aimed at the city of baltimore. And had them check the sidelines. Whereupon they synapsed that the cannon was aimed at the section of the city where they happen to live. Dix told them if there was another riot in the city, it would be incited by her husbands. You go home and tell them that the guns at fort mchenry are loaded and ready and your houses or be the first to go. Recognizing the power that women had to influence their menfolk, but also a different way of conveying the message in no uncertain terms. Certainly these baltimore women, many proconfederate supervisors, were here would have seen the American Flag. For them it would have meant something radically different than what it meant to francis got key. That is most caustically expressed by the grandson of Francis Scott key. Frank key howard was an editor of a newspaper called the exchange. He said that while he thought the south should not have seceded from the union, he believed it was totally legal for them to do that. His thoughts were interpreted as being prosouthern. His newspaper was shut down. And he himself was arrested and locked up at fort mchenry. Ironically on the very Anniversary Day that his grandfather would see the starspangled banner. He would say, whereas my grandfather saw the Stars Stripes as a symbol of freedom, for me it stands for yankee tyranny and despotism such as this world has never seen. For many baltimoreians who had loved ones arrested here, those who were arrested on political suspicion, many perceive the flag as the stars and stripes the violations of the constitution. So for them, they saw the flag as an abuse of president ial power. A symbol of a tyrannical northern government. Very different symbol. However, many white Union Soldiers from ohio, pennsylvania, and other such states would have seen the stars and stripes as a symbol of unity, that all the stars representing every state, and that blue canton, symbolizing the hope that the nation would be reunited. For them, the flag over fort mchenry was a symbol of unity and the cause they were fighting for. In the city of baltimore were a number of Union Soldiers. They call them the colored troops back then. They wouldve seen the Stars Stripes over fort mchenry. After the emancipation proclamation, later in november 1864, when maryland as a state outlaws slavery, the Stars Stripes stand as a symbol of freedom, a flag of liberation in the south. I think it is interesting that at one time at fort mchenry and baltimore you had three groups. One group see the stars and stripes as a symbol of tyranny of the federal government, yankee despotism. Another sees it as a symbol of hope for unity. Yet another sees it as a symbol of freedom and liberation for every american regardless of skin color. Three groups. One starspangled banner. Three different meanings. That meaning is going to change yet again a few generations later, as thousands of immigrants pour into this city. For that, lets look over and look at the cranes here. Those where those cranes stand was the locus point immigration terminal. There was a strong relationship between the city of baltimore and germany. The north german lloyd Steamship Company operating brought thousands of immigrants into this nation, not only from germany but from other countries like italy, poland, and other places in europe. Some of these ethnic communities are still here in baltimore today. Like greek town and polish town. For those immigrants, they never saw the statue of liberty. That is in new york. They never went through ellis island. But there symbol of a new start in a new nation was seeing the Stars Stripes waving over this fort at that time. 1902, the locus point immigration terminal was second only to ellis island as far as the number of immigrants. Standing on the ramparts, one can almost hear a german father telling his daughter, your descendents will be americans. We are going to see that the flood tide of immigrants dwindles to a trickle at fort mchenry in 1914 when world war i breaks out in europe. Fort mchenry is being used as a city park at that time. It was a much famous for its Bathing Beach as it was as the home of the starspangled banner. But that changes in 1917 when the United States goes to war. And shortly thereafter, a fleet of trucks and workmen come, and they begin building 100 hospital buildings on the ground. General Hospital Number two, one of the largest Army Hospitals in our nations is built here. Lets take a look at that hospital. General Hospital Number two, one of the largest Army Hospitals during world war i. Many historians say that the First World War was the true first modern war. Poisonous gas, tanks, airplanes, bombings, submarines, machine guns. All perfected. Even though the United States does not get involved until 1917, over 100,000 americans are killed during the First World War. And many more wounded. This General Hospital no. 2 specialized in two things. One, the very early Plastic Surgery was done here. In conjunction with top surgeons from Johns Hopkins and the university of maryland. If you look at these jawbones. These are the types of facial reconstructions that were done, the reconstructive surgery. Men who had their jaws shattered by exploding shells had new jawbones fabricated and carefully implanted into them. Again, a lot of early Plastic Surgery. A great deal of medical history was made here during world war i. I addition to that, some of the first programs to train the disabled veteran were promoted here. We know through this woman emily reine williams, one of the lead nurse stationed here. That is another important theme a lot of times women are ignored when it comes to military history. In this time where women were seeking to gain the right to vote, women prove themselves as nurses during the First World War. 300 female nurses were stationed at fort mchenry. Like i said, some of the first programs to help the disabled American Veterans were promoted here. One program, they taught chemistry, so a man who was wheelchairbound because he lost a leg was taught chemistry or taught one man who could no longer hear was taught to use a typesetting shame. A lot of men were trained. There were well over 100 different skills you could learn. It was really a cuttingedge hospital for its period. So over 100 buildings here as part of General Hospital no. 2. You can see how many buildings there were. Some of these are hospital wards. There was a train she where they could bring in visiting families. A chapel, officers row, other hospital wards. Some of these other buildings were Training Centers to help disabled veterans be reintegrated into society. You can see the red cross headquarters that was here at one time. This was also during the golden age of baseball. The inside of the fort was converted into a baseball diamond. Where the onearmed team played against the one legged team. You look at those veterans. Really, the American Flag waving over this fort was a powerful symbol of hope and healing for those folks during the First World War. That hospital was abandoned in 1923. And most of it was all torn down in 1927. The buildings were left air liquide for a number of years until the National Park service acquired in the 1930s. When that happened, that put people back to work. The buildings were left derelict. When that happened as part of the programs during the Great Depression to put people back to work, the Works Projects Administration came to fort mchenry and built sidewalks, repaired walls. And so, i do not think there was any coincidence that during a time of stress and hard times during the Great Depression, 1931, the starspangled banner becomes the official National Anthem for the United States. And f