Panel of scholars discuss how the United States and the United Kingdom cooperated to train Intelligence Officers in the developing world. The panel also explores the different ways the americans and the soviets understood and cultivated espionage and intelligence during the cold war. This hour and 30 minute event is part of a larger conference led welcome, everyone. History and Public Policy program at the Woodrow Wilson center for scholars. I am thrilled and delighted and privileged to welcome all of you to the wilson center, and to this annual meeting of the association of International Intelligence history. That is cosponsored by the association, the wilson center, and the German Historical Institute. Which will be hosting a fun saturday morning. Delighted to see so many familiar and new faces. Delighted to have so many leading experts on intelligence history and Intelligence Matters from both sides of the atlantic here with us today. We are also throw that this event will be taped by cspan and American History tv, so that is a larger audience out there that may also benefit from some of the discussions and presentations here today. For those of you who are here for the first time and are unfamiliar with the Woodrow Wilson center, it is charted by congress by the u. S. And is the first key nonpartisan issues forckling open dialogue. Policy and Public Foundation seeks to provide Historical Context the Public Policy issues and seeks to foster open, informed, nonpartisan dialogue on historically relevant issues. , one of the centers larges program, coordinates advance research on diplomatic Come International history for product of the cultural cultural project. Including through our north korean project. As well as a number of other key issues. We havet months, focused increasingly on intelligence history, including a recent workshop with the German Historical Institute here last december in a number of other events. This event very much fits into developing interests, and we are absolutely thrilled to have the Association Host its annual meeting here in washington at the center. Knowweet spot, some of you , it is been a collection, translation, publication, and discussion of new evidence from international archives. China, working on the asiapacific and increasingly the middle east. Our mission here is to get relevant, but hard to access archives for our Global Network and archive enthusiasts. The heart of the operation is our growing digital archive, which provides free access to thousands of documents from 150 archives around the world. Very easy to access. Digitalarchive,. Org it is digitalarchive. Org. It will take you straight to our collection. Particularly are relevant and sensitive to intelligence history, so we are looking for to the presentations and discussions at this conference, particularly on this issue of access to archives and sensitive documents in this area. We do not promote Historical Research here at the center for its own safety for its own sake. With a viewesearch of providing context, insight, and lessons for the Public Policy arena. The theme of this conference is creating and challenging the transatlantic community, intelligence community. The panel will deal in depth with a history going back to world war ii and to the cold war to look at the origins and roots of todays trend atlantic transatlantic todays transatlantic partnerships. This meeting really could not of been more relevant and more timely. Briefly let me advertise briefly our new launched lastave month called sources and methods. You can google it. ,t centers on issues of access new evidence, documents, new insights from relevant documents. We would welcome contributions from all of you. If you are interested, talk to me or my colleagues on the team about it. I want to thank the Foundation Supporting this event. I want to a knowledge the contribution of a couple of people who really made the key difference here. Avallassor va who is the driving force of the meeting here. Lockhart, who had the idea of connecting us in getting us to washington. Plus, the director of the German Historical Institute who will be hosting us on saturday. Secretary ive and the executive secretary of the association, really the person who got us all organized. And i also want to thank peter and kayla and my team here for all their hard work in organizing this event. Theyltiday event run smoothly and nobody notices, but a huge amount of work and planning went into this. I really appreciate everyones contribution to this. Goodthat, i wish us all a conference, productive conference. Remeetingorward to some of you getting to know others. Let us know what we can do to make your time at the Woodrow Wilson center to be more productive and more comfortable. Thank you. Thomas . Thomas thank you, christian. Let me extend an unofficial welcome from where i work as a senior historian. It is an unofficial welcome because we are a government organization. You cannot officially cosponsor this event, but it was a very rewarding and gratifying experience for me personally to be involved in setting up this conference. Let me just reiterate that i am thankful to christian and his staff from the wilson center. And for all the hard work that went into this. Want to say a few words in addition when michael and i had the idea in spring of 2016 about possibly bringing this conference here, it doesnt seem very long ago, but now looking back, it feels very far away. To me, at least. Because the recent political changes we have had here on the side of the atlantic. In 2016, most of us, certainly myself, we took the Transatlantic Intelligence Community for granted. I did. I saw it as something that would probably be with us in some form or another for a long time. Greatere is no much degree of uncertainty about the future of the Transatlantic Intelligence Community. We just dont know what is going to happen. When future historians look back on the present in 10, 20, 30 years, it is yet unclear on what they will see. Merely at see this as deviation from the organic evolutionary path of the Transatlantic Intelligence Community. A blip on the radar. Or they may see it as an inflection point, or the beginning of something completely know of something completely new. We are historians, obviously. As historians, we are really humble enough to understand that we dont make history. We dont make politics. That is not our job. But we have an Important Role to play. We are observers and interpreters of the past. It falls upon us to look at the past and see if it holds any leverage for the future. I think this is particularly irrelevant for issue such i think this is particularly relevant for issues in the Transatlantic Intelligence Community. Let me conclude with a quote from secretary of defense , whoal james mattis happens to be my boss seven degrees removed, but my boss nevertheless. Mattis went his confirmation hearing in the senate a few weeks ago, he was asked about his take on the american relationship with russia and the applications of this relationship for nato. And he gave a very thoughtful answer, and he prefaced it with the sentence and i quote history is not a straitjacket, but i never found a better guide for the way ahead in studying the history of a given subject. End quote. I cannot think of a more appropriate model for conference and deals with not only the creation of, but with the challenges to the Transatlantic Intelligence Community. So, in this spirit of looking at the past as a guide for the future, i look forward to a number of informative papers, stimulate in discussions, vigorous intellectual exchange, and i wish all of us a very great and successful conference. Thank you for coming. [applause] welcome, everyone. Im professor of history at h american being the last of the three r organizers theome on behalf of National Intelligence association, which is the major sponsor of this event. Let me tell you that i am exceedingly happy that christian, thomas, and i have been able to draw so many of the leading experts in this field of transatlantic intelligence to this conference. What is interesting though is three formally german guys, nationalitywise, but maybe an indication that people who are in between of National Identity have something of a transNational Identity. All three of buzz all three of us feel at home in both nations and in between. That makes it very valuable for us to study the field that we are doing in all of our different ways in different fields. I think, it is very dear to our heart what we are doing here and having this conference here. That we have so many leading experts here. Convinced for a thriving field of scholarly inquiry. And that we have so many Young Scholars here. So many young people here. It is very great and makes it even more evident what this field is doing and where the field is going. Forward to aoking and engaging presentation discussion. I would also like to thank the Woodrow Wilson center for hosting us here, and the german which wel society, will meet on saturday for the last conference. Thank you so much. And things to kyla and peter who did the brunt of the Organizational Work and thanks to kyla and peter who did the brunt of the Organizational Work. This is actually fun. Again, welcome. Lets have a great conference, and thank you for being here. [applause] was the first panel please join us. Will the first panel please join us. Wow wonderful. Good afternoon. Member of the iiha, and i have the honor to chat first to the panel today. This is called from world war ii cold war and beyond. That cold warests intelligence and choose that form broader perspectives trying essentials inore general features of the cold war intelligence. We are having two papers here. Small, but mighty. Thomasst speaker is dr. Mcguire. Are in London College . Research fellow at cambridge. Cambridge and london. Ok. And you are a political scientists, if i got it right. And in 2015, he received his phd thesis, and won a prize for thesis of this year. His contribution is about the most important intelligence relationship, and on the western side of the cold war, the relationship between the british and the americans, and his work by and his work is guided very relevant questions by how they partnered and coordinated their work. He once to find out about he wants to find out about the relationship. The second speaker on the panel is mr. Michael herman. Most of you know him. She is on one of the most famous and distinguished members of our association. Hed was 35 years that she worked 35 years for the british intelligent communities he worked 35 years for the british intelligent communities. He saw the cold war from inside. After retirement, he became one of the most important intelligence in oxford. Yeah, his book intelligence in peace and war is a milestone in the revolution of intelligence of theory. Um, his contribution today is titled what difference did it make . It is nothing less than an overall assessment of the contribution of intelligence of the cold war. Ok. Thomas, youre the first speaker. Thomas thank you. I should caveat what i am about to say by mentioning kindly, michael got a touch of couple of days ago to as me if i would speak. My colleague had to pull off her personal reasons. I was actually skiing in france and michael emailed me. [laughter] i hardly put together this presentation. It is based on an ongoing whicht that i am doing, the title probably summarizes. I will be looking at the Anglo American liaison dimension to this question. Its preliminary in terms of the findings i developed so far. So, hopefully it may stimulate interesting questions, but interesting feedback, which i can build into my ongoing work, but michael, thank you very much for having me speak anyway. It is much appreciated. So, what i am very much interested in with this project that i just explained briefly is essentially, the role that the british in particular, but also the american, but i will hopefully expanded, have played in providing overseas Security Assistance, training, aid, equipment, etc. , to police and Intelligence Services around the world over the past 60 years. ,t started essentially when number one, in connection to the same penetrating assistance going on in iraq and afghanistan for the last 15 years has come under a lot of criticism. Least, theain at idea of training local Security Services is often put forward as a kind of magic wand to improve stability and local states and presented as if it is a very new approach to dealing with stabilization, improving capacity, all the buzz words like that. Through my work that focused on cold war in southeast asia, i had seen time and time again, that both the british and the americans, not to mention the french, etc. Had been doing this for the last six years. In some states, moving out of asia to africa and kenya for example, the british have been Training Local Police and Security Services basically continuously for the last six years. Now, are still doing it arguably something is not going quite right if the sole purpose is to improve the local capacity to conduct operations by themselves. That was my starting point. Moreover, if you look at the literature that is been written in this area, a lot of it focuses on the American Experience. Where the agenda a summit title is a lot of been oftten on cia training Security Services in latin america and the last 40 to 50 years, but very little has been written on the british experience. This project is designed to build a comparative between a comparative between the british experience and the american ask if the british footprint has been as large as the americans . These are questions i have been asking of the broader project. How significant was this to British Foreign policy and strategy during the second half of the 20th century . How effective and how was it measured . How can we measure that now . What factors influenced it . Has it been possible to balance the building up of local Security Services with the promotion of fundamental western values in the same countries . Alluded to, this doesnt just have a historical dimension to it, albeit, that is important in its own right, but it also has implications for piu fourng contemporary ongoing contemporary strategy as well for ongoing contemporary strategy. The British State has been conducting various forms of security and certain conflict zones. There has been a number of criticisms leveled at this kind of work. Firstly, in terms of the actual capabilities of those services that have been trained, theyve come under scrutiny. Certainly in iraq and afghanistan. Has it led to conflict reduction . Impinged on human rights . Underitish state has come criticism for Police Training in bahrain. For me, another criticism that has not been touched on at all, and should be, and i at least looked at, to what extent have the british efforts have been coordinated. . You look at this list of countries. The u. S. And in providing Security Systems and all of the states. For me, but enough questions have been asked, is this has his been coordinated . Jumping off points are they jumping off points . And so, for me, a number of studies that have looked at this question often look at individual external actors in isolation. There is american studies at just look at the American Experience without looking at concurrent efforts by other states and their same host nations. The same goes for the small number of british studies as well. What i am trying to do with this work is to build in a more holistic assessment of those different security actors that to lookviding security at the liaison, lack thereof, between those states. I think this provides a better appreciation of decisionmaking politics involved in that kind of the system and the impact it may have had. Just a briefly provide an example from another small article i am working on in tanzania. If you just looked at to what is obviously a former british protectorates in 1961, if you just look at the british experience there by way of Security Assistance, training upward the colonial police, you would conclude that in 1961, the government in tanzania cut size cut high does cut ties and marched off in an independent fashion. Its builtin it builds into the Wilson Centers broader agenda. Archives, youli will see quite quickly that it was in fact the israelis who came in as the new providers of security to train of the Tanzanian SecurityIntelligence Services, completely overhauling the architecture of the british and handed