Be an astronaut. I made it down there to work as an engineer for a few years. In 1990, i got selected by nasa to be an astronaut. Omissions,our space i was on spatial colombia three times and spatial tout discovery wants. Space, iose 44 days in got to go around the earth is 692 times. I can confidently tell you, i have seen your hometown, wherever you are from. I have seen it. We have a program tonight on space stations, a little bit about the history of space stations. I told you i flew on four Space Shuttle missions. I was actually assigned to four Space Shuttle missions, on one of the space station missions. On the sixth crew, number six going up to the space stations. Back in 2002. I trained for 2. 5 years, and two months before launch, one of the nasa doctors pulled me for medical reasons. I never made it to the space station but i trained extensively on it. I spent two years in russia in preparation for that. I also worked for three years as a space Station Program scientist. In that role i was responsible for planning and coordinating all of the science activities done on the International Space station. I know little bit about the space Station Program. I hope you will enjoy this program here tonight. With that, we will go ahead and get started. I have a website if you would theres antact me, place there you can contact me if you ever need any more information. Were going to talk about the history of space stations. Im going to start off by talking about something never flew. In there a lot of them early 1940s and 1950s, Science Fiction, a lot of space stations back then. Programs, a few other the air force, u. S. Air force had a space station the never flew. We will talk about some of the early ones. And then we will talk about the Russian Space station from the soviet union. The first space station ever. We will talk about the series of missions and then we will talk about skylab, americas first space station launched in 1973. We have a great example of that we will point out some of the exhibits, so for your next mission your next visit, you can a look at these things. And then we will talk about the reston space station the , andan space station mir the International Space station. And that i will talk about future space stations. What comes after the International Space station. We will talk about space stations that never flew. Constantinecture of , one of the fathers of cosmetics. Cosmo asthma not nautics. Is a pioneer. In germany, they think these are the fathers of the Space Programs. He did a lot of studies on going into space and in 1932, he published a book on going to the stars. You start to see some of his space Station Design here. To comet the first want up with a space Station Design. The first idea came from the gentleman i just mentioned. The problems of reaching the stars, you can see a little sketch in the opening cover of his book on the title page of an early space station. Design of theous space station was in 1928, right there. Nordion was a writer into the engineering work, working on this design. The name meant the living wheel, designed to be 164 feet in diameter. It had three main parts, to solar power dishes to collect solar energy to power the thing. Habitation ring in the outer layer, and a freefloating machine module, this was just an area that would take advantage of the electricity generated and do whatever you do, whatever experiments or work you are doing would be done in the machine module there. This is one of the first real designs. Its intended to spend and create artificial gravity. He will talk a little bit more about that. This is from one of the Science Fiction magazines in the early 1920s and 30s. Its a good one of his design. You see the solar power generating stations here. The machine module, im not sure what the machine module is doing, but it has a lot of electrical cables running to it. Somethings happening in the machine module there. This is the living area again for the astronauts. Must be occupants, people coming up to visit the space station. With special thick glasses, like a nuclear test. Braun workeder von on some designs. It was one of the german rocket scientists that we brought to the United States following world war ii. He developed the beach you rockets, a great example of the air and space museum, you can see one of the beach you rockets were brought to the country after world war ii. Design he did for the u. S. Army in 1946. You had 150 foot diameter space station here. , communication and tennis, probably some solar collectors as well. Around, was to spin creating artificial gravity. There are a couple of people in the cutaway. Early on, we didnt know zero gravity was good or bad. Most of the early space stations are designed to spin it to create artificial gravity because thats for the human body. Our International Space station today, you will notice, does not spin. We dont want it spinning, we dont want to create gravity we are using more like a Science Laboratory. We want to do experiments and zero gravity. But early on, most of these spin. 1952, warner von braun refined his proposal, it looks a little slicker, more modern. It became known as the wheel. This is the classic 1950s era space station. You will see the same picture in the shuttle gallery at the air and space. Had ana rotating, he elevator hub you can go to the central section that had zero gravity there. Or you could take an elevator down to the outer ring. You would artificial gravity created there. There were different segments here for communication, for power systems. It was separated by function all around the ring. Just showing you, theres controls, they had Scientific Activities going on. They had spy capabilities, monitoring the earth. In photographic screen control there. In 1955, working with walt disney, warner von braun came up with this space Station Design, called the s1. Ofs was from a series programs the walt disney put together, a series of three of these man in space, going to the moon. Been going beyond, talking about trips to mars. Back in this time, the idea of the space station, it would be in orbit around the earth. The space station was away points, waystation for going to the moon. Going to planets. If you were going to travel to the moon, you would launch off the earth, go to the space station, get your supplies. From there you would head out to go to the moon or mars. As a wayways viewed station, a waypoint in space. Refuel your rockets there. Early on in the 1950s, the space stations were integral with rockets going up and down. That was the idea with the Space Shuttle. It was going to be going up and down to the space station. Von braun had the idea of combining those two. Spacee shuttle without a station wasnt very useful. In the space station without a shuttle wasnt very useful. The whole idea was to have both of these in concert. It didnt exactly work out like that. We use the spatial open to the point where we completed terminatednd then we the spatial program. Now we are not shoveling up and down, we are russian rockets today. We will talk about that in a little bit. Let me see. Its not advancing, hold on. Ok. Between 1955 in 1960, walt disney developed a ride at disneyland, i think in tomorrowland called space station next one. X1. It was a ride where you would pass over a model of the United States and get to see what the earth would look like from 50 miles up. These programs in the 1950s with von braun and walt disney did a lot to popularize space travel. They made it very understandable board. T everybody got on they thought that was those exciting stuff at the time. You could look into the future and see america from outer space. These are some pictures, theres a number of childrens books, you can find these still lovely markets, old books on the early space Station Design. And all look like wheels discs. They have little mini shuttles going back and forth with astronauts in them. , butoks like flower petals they are docking ports and air locks for the crew to go in and out on. Pictures with construction, this guy has hooks , like captain hook. To hold onto things. Would are standing likely , this could be a skyscraper in manhattan that they are building. Its not exactly the way we do it today. People standing on the space station like it is has gravity instead of floating around. In the Science Fiction literature, space stations were really big in 1950s. This is one from 1957. Another one from december of that year. Beautiful artwork showing the use space station wheels. These disk type space stations. Always spinning. They were firing rockets out to other destinations. Book by one of the early german rocket pioneers. He worked with foreign braun a little bit. This is one of the classic wheel designs for 1958. They get a little more slick, a little more streamlined. This is a picture from the same book, 1958. It looked like these little tadpole pods that are assembling your space station for you. They have mechanical arms, they are putting the metal sheeting on your station as they construct it. At thisthey figured time, construction wouldnt be as hard as it turned out to be. We wouldnt do anything like this, we are not taking up each individual piece and malia together up there. For the current kneeling it together up there. Current model, we put them together like tinker toys. Withgeneration is familiar Science Fiction movies that came out in 1968, Stanley Kubricks 2001, space odyssey. It featured a beautiful space station the see right here. It had a rotating wheel, again, to create artificial gravity. Von brauns on early designs. If you other space stations that didnt fly, that were under design goodyear had an inflatable wheel design. They worked on that from 1961 to 1962. This one was a 30 foot diameter research model. I will show you a picture. The other one was going to be i think 100 50 feet across. It was designed for three to 10 astronauts. Was the diameter proposal and they were going to fly. They would launch it in a rocket, with a got to space it would inflate, boom. I love step 6 and is ready. Just like that. [laughter] greatomas this is a design, but he didnt fly. This is the workers working on that small prototype. Im not sure if this is in akron, ohio. They are working on a rubber space station. It sounds kind of crazy, but we are about to launch an in theble module up space station. I will talk about that one at the end. This is 45 years later, were going to do something similar. Finally we have u. S. Air force was interested in space stations for obvious reasons. And to have a platform and space to look down at planet earth. Here is one of the early designs from 1960. I love this picture. See florida, there are the keys. You see a hurricane. They are photographing the hurricane. I think whats going on, the eye of the hurricane is right over cuba. 1960s, this is no accident. Is a major platform for spying. You can spy on every country. 2 got shot down, but no ones when to shoot down an orbiting space station. The air force was very interested in having a manned space station. Did create a program called amanda orbiting laboratory program. This was proposed in 1963, and december of 1963 the use of titan rocket, and a gemini capsule we were using at that time to send their first , air and space has a gemini for you can see that refurbished right now. It will be back on display soon. The crews would launch in a gemini capsule and had a feature in the heat shield, they had a hatch when they get over the hatch, crawl right through that, and below was the space station with a lot of cameras, sensors, places down here for developing film, things like that. Any astronauts on this program, but they did do one test launch in november of 1966. They took the gemini to capsule that flew in space, unmanned, just to test out the capabilities of the heat shield and the capsule itself. The air force took that and drove a whole, put a hatch in the heat shield, and launched it and recovered it. They just wanted to know if you drill hole and put a hatch in the heat shield, is that going to damage the spacecraft or heat shield . They successfully flew this mission, it worked out well. Astronauts,ected 17 u. S. Air force astronauts for the mandatory Reading Laboratory program. A member of that team, he was one of my instructor pilots in houston, texas. Hes done at the Kennedy Space center, and there are a number of shuttle astronauts, hank hartsfield, bob obermeyer, bob crippen, a number of these. Not all of the air force astronauts, but a number of them went on to fly on the spatial program. So none of those flu. Weve been talking about Science Fiction and other programs that were proposed. I will develop work, but they never materialized. Lets talk about Everything Else. These are things that flew. This is a series of space stations of the soviet union built. Between 1971 and 1991. Almost 20 years. This is what the space station looked like. It was launched on a proton , it wasall configured one large volume in here. In the back portion against sleeping compartments, dining tables for them. They had a number of control stations for controlling the space station. It had a number of large windows for looking back and earth, taking pictures. The very first version of this, they flew seven different salyut 1 was stations, and salyut launched 44 years ago. It was launched by the soviet union, the soviet union started focusing on space stations kind of when we were landing on the moon. The space race, and they wanted to do some indifferent. They said we were never interested in going to the moon, we wanted to build space stations. They started doing Something Different with the salyut program that the United States was not involved in. We were landing astronauts on the moon, they were developing space stations. They flew a total of seven of these, as i told you. 1 was the first one. The first crew to go up was the salyut 10 crew. It are unable to dock, so they rendezvoused and came back to earth. They had a second crew try to go up and dock, the salyut 11. They were successfully able to dock, they lived up there for 23 days. At the end of the mission they came back, and when they landed in comics down, they found all three astronauts were dead. Unfortunately, a valve opened up prematurely as the casuals reentering nanosphere, all the air got sucked out. The cosmonauts were not wearing spacesuits. It was a very small capsule, and to save room they didnt wear spacesuits. All three of them perished. When it first happened, they werent sure, was this because they stayed in space so long . Before this mission, the longest anyone have been in space was 14 days. On the gemini program. Here they stayed at their 23 days. But they soon realized a valve had open, they lost their comment perished. They went on to fly to whether other salyuts. It was part of a military program to have a military space station command orbiting laboratory at the air force was interested in. They had problems right after launch. It was going out of control, lost pressurization. Within a few days, he reentered the atmosphere. They were never able to send cosmonauts salyut to salyut2. 3, one crewyut successfully docked. 4, that launched salyut was from 1974 to 1977, 3 years. They had one crew, they spent 29 days up there. 18 crew spent 18 days 623 days. 5 with a military one, crews andwo successfully docked. Resume,o to the space they have one of the councils they were using for this program. And they have one of the film return canisters. Era, they couldnt downlink the images they were taking, so they were exposing film with the superpowerful cameras they had, they would put the film in a return canister, it would reenter the atmosphere and they would parachute down and get the film and develop it. And then be able to see secret sites around the world. They had one of the return film 5 onsters from salyut display at air and space. I would encourage you to take a look at that. From 19 57 toup 1972. Five crews were longduration crews, they would spend a considerable amount of time up there. The longest one was 185 days. Six months they were up there. They had 11 short duration visits. These were inner cosmos flights. We will talk about those in the next slide. 7,n they launched salyut from 1982 to 1991. They had 10 different crews. ,ix were longduration typically six month at a time. The t 15,light was of which ferried equipment over to mir. It was the one and only time when crews went from one space station to another one. You see the movie gravity, and George Clooney did that with ease. He went from the irrational space vision over to the Chinese Space station. But this is the first and only time its ever been done in the real world. 7 with dior printed in february of 1991. Even though you were in the vacuum of space, there is still residual atmosphere 200 miles up. It slowly provides drag, decreases the orbit. Whatever you put in low earth orbit like that will slowly fall back to earth. The space stations all come back down and burn up at some point. This one was dior in 1991. Most of it burned up over the pacific ocean. There are a few pieces that survived. I have a small sample of some insulation from salyut 7. It landed in argentina. Told her they had the short duration missions, like a week or so. It was part of a program called inner cosmos. The soviet union would take citizens from some of the soviet bloc countries and give them an opportunity to fly them in space. It was a great political move on their part. You see the countrys ear, checklist logic, poland, east germany, bulgaria, hungary, vietnam, cuba. Mongolia, romania, france. They would give all these soviet bloc countries the opportunity to send a cosmonaut, one of their citizens up into space. A really successful program. Heres the first cuban in space, the first east german. And i think the first mongolian. Lets talk about skylab. Spaces the United States