Denied the right to serve on juries. Certainly cannot vote, but the most heinous problem during this period was the apprenticeship laws. A lot of us think that black men were rounded up and jailed, if they did not have visible means of support. If they do not have employment. The real tragedy, i think, of his early period, starting right and 1867 war into 1866 was the apprenticeship of africanamerican children. Children being return to former owners and forced to labor for them because the parents were deemed indigent. People who have fought for their freedom now losing their children to the very people who had helped them enslaved. And then of course you have southerners who had returned, exconfederates, returning to congress after having been responsible for a fouryear war. So what really brings this new form of reconstruction and the whole congressional reconstruction is the outrage that this war has been fought. And although the union , you hady won former confederates actually being able to regain power, not just in their state but at the federal level, as well. And you talk about the black coats. Reemansut the friedman bureau, what it was designed to do, and how tragically introduced nothing more than resistance in a way, irrational resistance. It was established by the federal government in 1865. Not just toeant help africanamericans make that transition from slavery to freedom, to help whites who have been displaced by the war, as well. I think we sometimes forget that. We think these bureau was just about helping black people. Actually, he will in general who need the assistance after the war. What it is supposed to do after, is make sure they are not starving to death, that they have labor contracts that are introduced. That would have been a grand idea, if the Bureau Agents had been a little bit more sympathetic to the needs and the ideas of the newly freed people. Too frequently what happened was, those contracts were enforced to the benefit of the former slaveholders. Exconfederates, who are trying to reestablish a form of slavery, quasislavery in the south. One of the most important things it does do is to help establish goals, because remember, enslaved people are not able to learn to read and write. There denied that right to do so. There is a real need to educate them. How are we going to be able to do notcontract if we know how to read and write . The bureau was very important in that regard, there is so much resistance in the south to the s bureau. Black schools and churches are burned. They are black institutions, so important. They do not like to recognize that, so they try to destroy those churches, as well. So there is a real push back there. The bureau court, what happens is in many instances, the judges who are brought to these courts are not the ones that africanamericans would have seen there. Sometimes, africanamericans are owedesting they be all deserved. In many instances, theyre not. So the bureau does not accomplish what it could have, had people not meddled with them. Johnson vetoed every bill. As the title of the freedmans bureau, it was the anreau of free mea refugees and abandoned lands. And the original measure that set up the bureau anticipated, and a very vague sort of way, would notureau distribute free of charge, but settle africanamerican families on land which had fallen into the hands of the government during the abandoned land southerners had fled. You know, one of the early things that andy johnson did, remember that congress is not in session, so he has a free hand to deal with this through most of 1865. And one of the things he does is order all of this land restored to the former owners. That, from the very beginning, undercuts the africanamericans they wanted the famous phrase 40 acres and then youll. A mule. Supposed toau do that. Agents were not really interested in that, there were some network. The head of the zero down in South Carolina was a radical and wanted to get blacks on to the land. Some of them have been settled on the land by general sherman. But that have been returned. I want to get into sherman, who is no friend of black people. In january. Gave people land in the carolinas. In the land is settled, maybe planting is done . By the summer, there are thousands of black families. And presumably, beginning to farm. It is taken away. They are allowed to stay for the growing season. December, the same army that had settled them on the land now has to even them, if they will not sign these labor contracts. And you are mentioning, to work for the former owners, who are now being restored. So this generated a tremendous sense of the trail, as you know, among the freed slaves in the coastal areas of South Carolina and georgia. But even in many other places, in virginia and louisiana, there was land on which africanamericans have been settled not by sherman, but by the bureau. Again, that is taken away under johnsons orders. One of the things he does the does not get enough attention, it really undercuts the idea of a economically radical reconstruction right in the beginning. Why are the courts never involved in any of these appeals, or if it is, tell us. First of all, the Supreme Court had been completely discredited in the eyes of the northerners by the dred scott decision. Nobody said let us go to the Supreme Court. Nobody care what they said. An extraordinary thing that that was the attitude. Thehe justice was gone by time, justice chase was the head. They said we are not taking this with a 10foot pole. You know, the Supreme Court had tried to settle the supreme slavery with dred scott. It was a total, abysmal failure. This was a legal question. The court cannot handle it. They are not an equal branch of government. Nobody said what the Supreme Court said at this point. They had totally destroyed their reputation. In the aftermath of an hour n allout civil war, they have played no part. You had three institutions now come the presidency, congressman military. And there is the Supreme Court, who even knows who is on it . But it revived during the reconstruction, and had a major ,ole in eroding, if not ruining the achievements of reconstruction. And it will be the Court Appointed entirely by lincoln and gregory but that is another story. Nobody has written more brilliantly about race, reunion, and memory than you. That is my editorial. That is something here. [laughter] about, talk for a minute euphemistically known as carpetbaggers, scalawags, and how these romanticized the , mythical, absurd images were created and sustained. He know it was gone with the wind. But before that. As we know,gers, are those who are northerners who go south. Mostly white, some of them black. Reasons,r various sometimes political reasons, and they do get elected in some places. Sometimes for economic reasons. The south was a new west for a while, the south was a vacuum in some ways. Go south korea man. , young man. But the reputation of the carpetbaggers, it was ultimately spun, even before reconstruction, it was the hordes of yankees that came south to exploit the situation economically, politically, racially. Carpetbaggershat didnt get elected in some southern states, never really controlled in a confederate state legislature. They certainly did not take over the southern economy, by any means. On is anawag phenomen exconfederate often who joins the Republican Party. There are fascinating cases in various states. Were never a huge or strong group of people. But they became perfect scapegoats for those looking for targets to blame for the chaos in the violence. And the economic depression that hit the country and the south in the 1870s. It that term, carpetbaggers, had been applied all throughout our history. Culturaloverblown, creation, and away. An image created largely in the e popular i did a brilliant dissertation on this short stories and all kinds of things. It becomes this deeply mythic image of reconstruction. And of course, no one remembers gone with the wind. Always overweight, yankee carpetbaggers come south to just take everything. Do not leave something laying around because there is a yankee who will steal it. It is part of that old reputation about reconstruction. They never really controlled reconstruction. And in some states, they were a genuine aid to the revival of the economy. But anyway, that is a quick wrist. Riff. Just one little thing to add, david is quite right, the image arises during the construction is greeted by democrats who oppose reconstruction. And then becomes written into the history of the culture, and the ways you describe. But one of the things for the tremendous emphasis is that the other side of that is the d emphasis on the actual role of black people during reconstruction. Part of the reconstruction method is that africanamericans were just kind of inert, manipulated by others. The carpetbaggers come down that africanamericans are not capable of grading their own political aims, organizations, using the vote intelligently, etc. So if things went wrong, in an odd sort of way, it was not the blacks fault. The carpetbaggers manipulative them. They are the ones to blame for reconstruction. Carpetbaggersite and the scalawags are blamed. And the vast majority of republicans in the south, who were black people, theyre kind of seen as just manipulative by others. This is something that, and older days, was a way for black people interpreting in many points of history, that they were the victims of others. Not actors of their own on the stage. By the way, the scalawags were also people who were in the union during the war. Tremendous hitter division came out tremendous Bitter Division came out in upstate georgia, upstate alabama. Where there was a lot of union. This is about memories of who was on whose site. If youre a white southerner voting for republicans in 1868, you better find protection. By 1969. The argument, too, this is a period of negro rule. There are so many africanamericans in the state legislature, and the reality is they are not dominating anything during this. S period. They are in the house of the South Carolina governor, but they are not in charge anywhere. Collectively with the socalled carpetbaggers and black republicans in the south, they are working together to actually improve the south. Because what we do see is that thehave the introduction of Public School system that is statefunded. The south did not have that. Where you have this alliance between these three groups of people, they are reforming the tax laws and so forth. They are doing a lot of things that are bringing the south into a more modern era. So they are not doing the kind weage that historians are responsible, collectively, as historians for this image. Because it was, i believe, at columbia with William Dunning that we have this image of negro rule. Or these black republicans taking over. And the reality is something quite different. It does not mean that there was not corruption. There was corruption throughout the country during this. Period. But its early was that the fault of anyone group of people. York takes a lot of new character to fight corruption. Sort of what new york democrats did. [laughter] e are number one there are fascinating actors in this period who we have forgotten. M was supposed to horrify the white south, but he takes Jefferson Davis seat from the city. Talk about him, he does not get enough information. It is possible for him to be elected to the u. S. Senate because you have a time when a lot of the southerners have lost the right to vote. For a period of time. And it is a real irony that he is facing the seat of the former presidency of they confederacy. I dont think he actually served. There was a lot of resistance to him. He may have served, just a very short period of time. What they call the unexpired term, only a few months. They never let him actually have it. However, i will not disagree the that, but on one point, number of whites who lost the right to vote is grossly exaggerated. Bels wasime hiram re elected, there was no disenfranchisement in mississippi of white voters. There was a little bit at the beginning of radical reconstruction, that fades away. Who appoints rebels to the legislature . Elected by the legislature, not by popular vote. Unexpired term . Unexpired, yeah, but obviously Jefferson Davis has not been in congress. [laughter] but that term continues. There is an open seat for a few months, so to speak. And so rebels, the first africanamerican senator is in there. Politics is really fun. It is lively. Before we get to the amendments, which i think we should by the way, let me just point out. How many africanamericans are in the u. S. Senate right now . Two. Thank you. Cory booker and scott. Senatorse two black during reconstruction, rebels and bruce. I think there have been nine africanamerican senators the most in the last few years. And there are several, obama this underscores what a radical moment in American History. You know, we know that obama is the only black president one out of 44. But the percentage of blacks in the senate is much worse, there have been thousands maybe 2000 and the senate at one time or the other and maybe nine of those have been africanamerican. So the effect that africanamericans, whether it is not negro rule as you said, before elected to the senate, two state legislatures, local offices like school boards, things like that. It was a remarkable moment in american democracy, basically. Six or seven in the house . More than that. Eckstein and house of representatives 16 in the house of representatives. Is is a good segue. I have a question. There was one person who thought that rebels was a crucial figure, Frederick Douglass. Lithographers of the day issued a portrait of hiram saids, Frederick Douglass hang this picture on your wall. He became an advocate for the idea that africanamerican family should have reb els picture in their home. He never said that about Abraham Lincoln. Where was he, was he doing during reconstruction . A lot of time, wishing he was in the senate. [laughter] he understood symbols. Frederick douglass was urged by some people, it was a bad idea, to move south. And that moment, that 35 year period where it was possible for blacks to get elected, the late 1860s in mississippi. He did not do it. For a variety of reasons. After the war, Frederick Douglass became a radical republican. He agreed with virtually every aspect of the radical republican plan and regime. He was only modestly in favor of the 14th amendment at first, because it had compromises. Same with the 15th amendment, and yet he celebrate of them, once they were passed. Frederick douglass, at this time, from the end of the war into the 1870s is the kind of a man without a portfolio. He did not have a newspaper anymore, and totally actually created another one in washington in 1870. He had no paid job, his only employment, as it have been for so long, was as a paid orator. He traveled constantly. I mean, constantly months at a time lecturing and speaking. About the great issues of the time. But Frederick Douglass had a certain kind of personal crisis for a while after the war, the famous and wonderful line of his autobiography when he talks when the51866 occupation is gone. The famous line from othello. By cause has been won. He learned quickly and have not. But what he does learn is that, as an extraordinary loyal republican inside and out for the rest of his life for there are lots of reasons for that. And he was a huge supporter of grant. Not always in favor of everything grant did. But grant was where the power was, and grant did appoint him to a commission his First Federal appointment was to the Santo Domingo commission, when grant was trying to in effect annexed what is today the dominican republic. Frederick douglass was part of that commission that went to Santo Domingo and try to arrange the u. S. Annexation. And i should say also that Frederick Douglass was part of the bitter debate among the old abolitionists, Charles Sumner on one side and Frederick Douglass and a host of others on one side. Frederick douglass became one of those former abolitionists in the 1860s and 1870s who came to believe, not without reason, that the United States is just experienced the abolition revolution. That emancipation had transformed the u. S. Into a wholly new republic, and that they ought to export it. And a number of former abolitionists who had been the critics were now advocating that the u. S. Take the new regimes, ideas, racial equality to the caribbean, south america. He became, not unlike others, kind of an american imperialism. Eventually, he will be the u. S. Minister to haiti. Although that ran amok on him. But it is fascinating just how much many abolitionists came to see, not hard to understand, they believed they had experienced a genuine transformation of the meaning of the United States. I am always struck by the fact that africanamericans have to have their citizenship insured by the amendment, when all the people we are talking about were born in america. His are not people who are born on the african continent. They were born here, whose ancestors were buried here, who helped to build this country. This had to occur. The 15th amendment, of course, a couple of years later, granted them the right to rope to africanamerican minutes. The 14th amendment, if im not mistaken, had talked about the right to vote. But it was more of a what it said was that which is why sumner and Frederick Douglass did not like it, that states could deny people the right to vote. Men, the women did not like it either because it introduced the word male into the constitution for the first time, that states could take away the right to vote for men but they would lose some representation in congress. It did not give anyone the right to vote. Instead if you do not give the right of people to vote, you will lose some political power. A microphone has been placed in the two aisles. You will have a nice, long answer period. My followup before we get to the questions, the 13th amen