Those people knew and the world that the revolution built. And then at 8 00 on the presidency, historians discuss relationship between hamilton and George Washington. Washington is a horse whisperrer. He has a certain he is a person of volcanic temperament but he learns to control himself. He learns selfmastery and he actually calms the very high strung, very skiddish, very fast hamilton. Hamilton when washington is around gets into a lot of trouble. For our complete schedule go to c span. Org. Sunday night on after words National SecurityColumnist Bill girts with his book i war. He is interviewed by Congress Woman of new york, member of the House Select Committee on intelligence and chair of the Armed Services subcommittee on emerging threats and capabilities. I war is a look at what i feel is the new form of war fare that is emerging in the 21st century. I have covered National Security affairs for over 30 years, been all over the world covering these issues. I think its a reflection of the Information Age that we are now looking at this new form of warfare which i Call Information warfare. I define that as the technical cyber that we have seen so much of in terms of Cyber Attacks from the russians and chinese as well as the content influence type of thing which really emerged in the last president ial election with the russians, what has been called the cyber enabled influence operation. So these two things i believe are going to the dominant form of warfare. Watch sunday night at 9 00 eastern on book tv. Now more umt franational world war i museum and memorial for events marking the 100th anniversary of the entry into the war. The ceremony includes retelling of the debate over the decision to join the global conflict. This is an hour and 45 minutes. O say, can you see by the dawns early light what so proudly we hailed at the twilights last gleaming . Whose broad stripes and bright stars through the perilous fight oer the ramparts we watched streaming . And the rockets red glare the bombs bursting in air gave proof through the night that our flag was still there oh, say, does that starspangled banner yet wave oer the land of the free and the home of the brave please take your seats. April 6, 1917, for three years the great war raged bringing death, destruction, famine, disease and displacement of peoples across europe, africa and asia. From the atlantic to the pacific. During these years the United States of america remained neutral keeping our distance from the conflicts of the old world. On april 2 president Woodrow Wilson addressed a joint session of congress. Nueutrality is no longer desirable where peace is involved. To minister the lies in the existence of autocratic governments. We are at the beginning of an age in which it will be insisted that the same standards shall be observed among nations that are observed among individual citizens of civilized states. On april 6, 1917, 100 years ago today United States congress voted to pass a declaration of war and sent it to president Woodrow Wilson for signature. In november 1916 wilson won his second president ial term campaigning on slogans he kept us out of war and America First but developments in the early months of 1917 forced a reckoning bringing the United States to a decisive moment in its history. Wilson signed the declaration when it arrived marking the end of a heated debate over competing visions of america. Those in favor of joining the conflict believed in an outward looking america ready to play its world. Those opposed saw only the futility of war and zealously favored inward looking homeland free from old world entanglement s. Before this moment the United States had kept the rest of the world at arms length. After she would become a key participant in events that reshape the old world. On this day 100 years later it is appropriate that we as a nation look back at the decision hear the voices spoke for and against entry, remember the devastation and suffering inflicted and reflect on the wars impact on the world, our nation and on our people. Two years before the beginning of the war a symbol of change appeared to me in the french sky. I was sitting in a friendly garden basking in the warm sunshine savoring as a new englander can the charm of being again in france. No sign of life but a solitary pony cart. No sound but the click of garden sheers among rose bushes. Suddenly an ominous, mysterious pulsing throb. Staring up i saw the long shadow of on army plane sharp against the sky. Those mechanical wings left a sinister echo. I became aware of the new tension, a half concealed anxiety, a subtle change in the french temper. 1916. The start of a great war in 1914 quickly became a great unraveling, shaking the foundations of european civilization. Barbara tutman, author of the proud tower, a portrait of the world before the war writes. The tower built up through the great age of european civilization was an edifice of grandure and passion, of riches and beauty. Its inhabitants lived with more selfreliance, more confidence, more hope, greater magnificence and elegance. More careless ease, more pleasure in each Others Company and conversation. The old world had much that has since been lost. Looking back on it from 1915 the belgian poet dedicated his pages with emotion to the man i used to be. September 1914, the germans rushed west across belgium aiming to deliver a decisive blow to france and a quick end to the war. At the first battle 90 miles from paris the germans suffered defeat at the hands of the allies. Over a million soldiers fought with more than 100,000 dead. Afterwards the war grew and spread until it drew in the nations of both hemispheres and entangled them in a world conflict no peace treaty could dissolve. It was one of the decisive battles not because it determined that germany would ultimately lose or allies ultimately win the war but because it determined that the war would go on. The nations were caught in a trap from which there was no exit. The guns of august on the battle september 1914. [ inaudible ] the New York Stock Exchange closes due to war in europe and wont reopen until december. Even with the United States remaining resolutely neutral, many Young Americans needed no persuasion to join the war effort. Victor chap man, the First American pilot to die in the war, was a dual citizen who enlisted with the French Foreign legion a month into the war. The wounded in combat, he was not killed until june 1916 while attempting to fly a box of oranges to a fellow wounded aviator who was in the hospital. I get the idea that you are wearing yourselves out worrying about the danger i am in. Its all very presental and i appreciate it, but i wish you would not principally because it does not benefit me or anyone. This is the first thing i have ever done that has been worthwhile. It is easier to pilot an airplane than drive an auto, and far less dangerous than the autoing i used to do daily at cambridge. Mary glad win, a nurse from akron , ohio was among the First American red cross nurses to go to europe during the war, serving as the supervisor of nurses at the American Hospital in belgrade. She wrote. The canon atting lasted all the time. There was no time in the 24 hours in the First Six Months that some of the guns were not fired. My room was a little whitewashed one. Every time one of the big french guns would fire, it would illuminate all the wall, and then i would hear the boom of the guns. That kept up night after night until the time came that we did not hear them any more. And eugene bullard, the only africanamerican pilot to fly in world war i, did so not for the United States, but for france. The son of a freed slave, bullard stowed away to europe in 1912, determined to escape racism in the u. S. After working as a boxer and vaudeville performer in england, bullard settled in france. When hostility broke out he joined the infantry of the french legion. After sustaining injuries declared unfit for infantry service, bullard earned his wings with the mill tear i of france and joined the lafayette flying corps in 1916. His plane was decorated with the slogan, all blood runs red. When the u. S. Entered the war, bullard tried to enlist as a flyer for the americans. I was more and more puzzled until it suddenly came to me that all my fellow country men who transferred were white. Later i learned that in world war i knnegros were not accepte as fliers in the United States army. This hurt me deeply. When hostilities broke out in europe, thousands of americans touring the continent descended on london hoping to find safe passage home only to find themselves unable to obtain accommodations or tickets for the few ships sailing. A 40yearold mining engineer and financier from iowa by the name of Herbert Hoover, was living in london in 1914. Hoover organized an American Relief committee that provided food, shelter, and Financial Assistance to over 100,000 americans. Hoovers leadership earned him the respect of the u. S. Ambassador to Great Britain walter heinz page. Ambassador page tapped hoover to lead a Relief Mission to belgium after the battle of the marn, belgium faced starvation. Germany had invaded but refused to take responsibility for feeding the populous. On the other side britains naval blockade prevented ships from entering belgian ports. On october 22nd, 1914, Herbert Hoover established an organization to procure and deliver food to the starving belgian population, rescuing a nation from certain ruin. There was no former Human Experience to turn for guidance. It would require that we find the major food supply for a whole nation, raise the money to pay for it, get it passed navies at see and occupy on land. Set up an agency of distribution of supplies for everybody justly and see that the enemy took none of it. It was not relief in any known sense. It was the feeding of a nation. The nation is sad as can be a message came over the sea a thousand or more who sent from ashore have gone to eternity the statue of liberty high must now have a tear in her eye i think its a shame someone is to blame, but all we can do is just sigh some of us lost a true sweetheart, some of us lost a dear dad some lost their mother, sisters and brothers, some lost the best friends they had its time they were stopping this warfare, if women and children must drown many great hearts went to sleep in the deep when the lucitania went down, when it went down [ applause ] on the morning of may 8, 1915, the banner headline of the the New York Times read, lucitania sunk by submarine, probably 1260 dead. [ inaudible ] in 1915, german uboelgts sank over 90 ships. Leading up to the election of 1916, Many Americans favored the allies in the war, yet embraced president wilsons urging to remain impartial in thought as well as in action. At this time onethird of u. S. Citizens were either born in europe or were descend ants of european immigrants. Sympathy for both countries on both sides of the conflict ran high. The descend ants of german immigrants found themselves torn. On the one hand identifying firstly as americans, yet on the other sympathizing with their relatives abroad. When the u. S. Entered the war, german americans were labelled alien enemies and faced severe restrictions on their civil liberties. Irish americans preferred neutrality as well as the prospect of the u. S. Entering the war on the side of the british was an anathema to irish nationalist sentiment. The sinking of the lucitania led Many Americans to call for an immediate reprizal against germany. Wilson proceeded with caution, demanding an apology, compensation for the victims and assurances that germany would cease unrestricted submarine warfare. In a speech delivered at a citizen naturalization ceremony on may 10, 1915, wilson affirmed the antiwar u. S. Stance. America must have this consciousness that on all sides it touches elbows and touches hearts, with all the nations of mankind. The example of america must be the example not merely of peace because it will not fight, but of peace because peace is the healing influence of the world. There is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight. There is such a thing as a nation being so right that it does not need to convince others by force that it is right. Wilsons measured response faced opposition from figures like former president Theodore Roosevelt who believed germanys aggression warranted a Strong Military response. I am pretty well disgusted with our government and the way our people acquiesce and support it. I suppose, however, in a democracy like ours the people will always do well or ill in proportion to their leadership. If lincoln had acted after the firing on sum ter the way wilson did after the sinking of the lucitania, in one month the north would have been saying they were so glad he kept them out of war, and that it all has it war should be averted the words were not mere bluster. He would eventually see three of his sons off to war. Only two would return alive. His youngest son quinten died when he was shot down over france in 1918. Disagreement about the u. S. Stance raged not only in washington but also among intellectual circles. In early 1917, writer randolph borne would lament the shift among his left wing compatriots towards a prowar footing. To the American Academic mind of 1914, defense of war was inconceivable. They would have thought anyone mad who talked of shipping american men by the hundreds of thousands to die on the fields of france. The nerve of the war, feeling centered, of course, in the richer and older classes of the atlantic seaboard, and was keen est where there were french or english business. It must never be forgotten that in every community it was the least liberal and least democratic elements among whom the wars sentiment was found. Theres a million mothers knocking at the nations door a million mothers, yes, and there will be millions more and while within each mothers heart they pray just hear what one brave mother has to say america, i raised a boy for you america, you find him staunch and true place a gun upon his shoulder he is ready to die or do america, he is my only one my hope, my pride and joy but if i had another, he would march beside his brother america, heres my boy 2 million to the soldiers to the war have gone some may never return again 10 million mothers hearts must break for the ones who died in vain and bow down in sorrow, in her lonely his i heard a mother through her tears i didnt raise my boy to be a soldier i brought him up to be my pride and joy who dares to put a musket on his shoulder to shoot some other mothers boy nations are the future troubles its time to put the sword and gun away there be no war today if mothers all would say i didnt raise my boy to be a soldier muramerica, i raised my boy f you to be staunch and true place a gun upon his shoulder he is ready to die or do i didnt raise my boy to be a soldier america, heres my boy [ applause ] at the other end of the political spectrum, the editors of the conservative north American Review argued for u. S. Participation. We know now what this war is. It is the last of the great battles for freedom and democracy. America fought the first a century and 40 years ago. France followed through seas of blood and tears. Just lately the great charter has passed from the barrons to the people of england. Japan has ceased to be a monarchy except in name. China as a republic defies the power of might. Can anyone doubt that the beginning of the end of absolutism is at hand . Legendary newspaper reporter walter lip man offered his third way assessment of the role america could play in the war. In may 1916, the president made a speech which will be counted among the decisive utterances of American Foreign policy. The speech was an announcement that american isolation was ended and that we were prepared to join a league of peace. It was intended to make clear to the world that if america has to fight, it would fight for peace and the order of the world. It was a great point in human history, but it was overshadowed at the time by the opening of the president ial campaign. The United States absorbed a massive influx of immigrants from the end of the 19th century through the war. Capitalizing on the idea that immigrants traveled to Distant Shores seeking freedom from tierney, recruitment efforts appealed to immigrants indebtedness. In exchange for their freedom and their childrens freedom, they were urged to show their patriotism by enlisting in the fight. To these broad shores my fathers came from lands beyond the sea they left their home, they left their fames to breathe in air more free to them with customs strange and new for to my heart knows just one dear flag, the red, the white, the blue the red, the white, the blue there is no hiding in my heart what cant be cut in two oh, flag of bars and silver stars, i give them all to you yeah, there is no hiding in my heart, it cant be cut in two oh, flag of bars and silver stars, ive given all to you the 1916 election hinged on the question of americas neutrality in the war. Wilson, running for a second term, built his candidacy around the idea that america ought to prepare for the possibility of war, yet his campaign slogans, he kept us out of war, and