The options to combat suspected chinese cyberespionage that targets u. S. Industries and trade secrets. Chinese cyber hacking has been going on for a long time. Whats new is that were finally fed up and want to do something about it. Woodruff and Jeffrey Brown talks with author colum mccann about weaving together three reallife atlantic crossings over three centuries in his latest work of fiction. What was it like to construct that, as a novelist, did you know how all these connections were going to happen . Honestly . Honestly. I had no clue whatsoever, it drove me nuts. laugh ifill thats all ahead on tonights newshour. Major funding for the pbs newshour has been provided by and by the alfred p. Sloan foundation. Supporting science, technology, and improved Economic Performance and Financial Literacy in the 21st century. And with the ongoing support of these institutions and foundations. And. This program was made possible by the corporation for public broadcasting. And by contributions to your pbs station from viewers like you. Thank you. Woodruff there remained more questions than answers today about the weekend crash of a south korean jetliner in San Francisco. Investigators searched for a cause as emergency officials wondered aloud how nearly everyone on board survived. Newshour correspondent Spencer Michels begins our coverage. Reporter planes at San FranciscoInternational Airport taxied past the burned out shell of the boeing 777 today. It was a haunting reminder of the chaotic scene that unfolded saturday. Federal investigators say its already clear that Asiana Airlines flight 214 was flying significantly below the necessary landing speed and was flying too low. Cockpit and flight data recorders show someone called for increasing speed, just seven seconds before the crash. Then, a stall warning sounded, and the crew tried to abort landing, but it was too late. The head of the National Transportation safety board Deborah Hersman when we interview those four crew members, were going to get a lot more details about their activities, about their work, about their training. Were going to be looking to correlate all that info with what were finding on the cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorders. Reporter investigators are focusing partly on the pilot, who had logged just 43 hours on the boeing 777. It was lee gangguks first time landing a 777 at San Franciscos airport, though he had landed other craft there many times, an Airline Spokesman said. He did have nearly 10,000 flight hours on other aircraft. But whatever caused the crash, remarkably, 305 of the 307 passengers and crew members survived. When i stand up i saw the tail, where the kitchen located, is all missing. There was a big hole there, and i can see through the hole to the runway, the ground, and there was a lot of dust in the cabin. Reporter some of the survivors quickly tweeted accounts of their harrowing escape, even as the rescue operation was still under way. Today, lieutenant crissy emmons of the San FranciscoFire Department described what she saw inside the plane as it caught on fire. By the time we removed the final victim, the conditions were that the fire was banking down on us we had heavy black smoke. I feel very lucky and blessed we were able to get those people out in that time. Reporter two 16yearold girls from china were the only fatalities and one of them may have escaped the plane, only to be hit by a rescue vehicle rushing to the scene. But assistant deputy fire chief dale carnes says its too soon to tell for sure. Its a very dynamic environment, dealing with an active fire and trying to rescue in the realm of 300 victims. So, this time, because we have not clearly defined and established those facts, we cannot answer your questions. Reporter as the plane came to rest, passengers scrambled to get out, despite emergency chutes that deployed inside the cabin. 62 of them ended up here at San Francisco general hospital, while another 55 went to stanford. Geoffrey manley is head of neurosurgery at San Francisco general, which has discharged most of its patients, but still has six in critical condition, and two with serious spinal cord injuries that could lead to paralysis. The ligaments were simply ripped as they went forward and back in the seat with associated bone fractures as well. It is possible that these folks will never walk again. It is also possible that with some of this rapid surgery and aggressive management in the intensive care unit that they will have a chance to possibly regain some function. Reporter manley said many injuries were not apparent at first. Many of these patients looked much better than they imaged, so that we had people who were the walking wounded. Where when we were able to get the c. T. Scans and so on we were able to see there was gross instability of their cervical spines, thorasic spines, and lumbar spines as a result of this injury. Reporter meanwhile, some of the crash survivors returned to south korea today. And, the government in seoul ordered inspections of the engines and landing equipment for all boeing 777 jetliners owned by Asiana Airlines and south koreas national carrier, korean air. Woodruff for more on the accident and questions about the speed of the planes landing, we turn to the chair of the National Transportation safety board, Deborah Hersman. Shes joining us from San Francisco. Welcome to the newshour. We heard you say today or confirm that the plane was coming in at a much slower speed than it should have been. What are the possible explanations for that . Well, you know, we are looking at everything. Certainly we want to look and see if there are easy explanations for this. But many times what we find is its a little bit more complex than that. Theres not usually a single cause of an accident but multiple contributing factors. So were going to be looking at the crew, their experience, their familiarity with the aircraft. How they were monitoring aircraft speed. This is not the first time that weve seen a crash upon landing. And not the first time weve seen an airplane get slow and end up in a bad situation. So, we want to understand the humans. We also want to understand the aircraft, the performance of the aircraft. How the automation worked, what type of flying they were doing. Were they all hand flying the airplane . Were they relying on automation or were they doing a mixture of those two things . How all of that works can be simple. But it can also be complicated. We want to make sure we have all of the facts straight before we reach any conclusions. Woodruff does it raise concerns that the pilot at the controls had only 43 hours experience flying this particular passenger jet . And that this is his first landing at San Francisco on this aircraft . Well, we know that airliners and air crews operate all around the world. They come into airports that they may not be familiar with. Thats why we have standard procedures approach chart clearances, expectations how theyre going to communicate with air traffic control. They had the charts for San Francisco. We have been in the cockpit afterwards. We know that they were using those. We have more than one pilot in these commercial operations for a reason. And clearly when you have a pilot on initial operating experience or going through some training, you want to pair them with an experienced pilot who can help them if there are any problems. There is more than one person in the cockpit for a reason. We expect them to work together. To use good crew Resource Management and to focus on flying the aircraft first, navigating, communicating. They have a lot of responsibility up there. We want to make sure that we learn from this investigation. Woodruff and finally, this accident happened at the end of a tenhour flight from seoul. How much concern is there in the Aviation Industry in general about fatigue on the part of the flight crew . You know, thats a fantastic question. Safety board listed fatigue for decades. Its been on our most wanted list of Transportation Safety improvements many times. This is a transpacific flight. More than 10 hours. Weve got actually two crews on this flight. One is a relief crew. Because as you lookate at flight and duty time and you look at fatigue it is a concern. And so we want to talk to all four of those pilots, understand what was going on and it is interesting that flight and duty rule changes have taken place here in the United States for the first time in many, many decades. We saw that there were changes made to the law after the last commercial aviation accident in february of 2009. And those changes have resulted in more conservative flight and duty time for pilots so that they get more rest and that there are limitations on what they can do. Woodruff Deborah Hersman the chairman of the National Transportation safety board we thank you. Thank you. Woodruff joining us now is aviation safety expert peter goelz, a former managing director of the n. T. S. B. From 1959 to 2000. Peter goelz, what are your principal concerns as you look at what happened in this crash. Well, i think chairman hersman knows what shes talking about. This is going to be looked at for years to come as kind of a classic crew resource issue. How could you have two well trained crew members allowing their approach speed to bleed off to such a low level that the aircrafts stall warning goes off . It is really quite inexplicable. Woodruff literally inexplicable. Are you saying theres no explanation for why that would have happened . Well, you have two trained people. Theres three things you need to do. You need to watch your speed. You need to watch your altitude. Watch your attitude. This was not just a slight degradation of speed. This was down to 100 knots. 34 knots below their approach speed. It really is. If the flying pilot was not monitoring it, the nonflying pilot should have been. Woodruff and when you say that the. And we heard Deborah Hersman speak about theyre going to be looking at how the pilots interacted with each other. Are you saying that it could have been communication between the pilots . I mean, im trying to understand what could have happened here. Well, theyll look at, you know, you have at least 30 minutes of the voice recorder. And the n. T. S. B. Will listen to that to see how the crew approaches the landing. Did they lookate at the approach maps . Did they discuss the various notices that were there which was a notice that said the glide slope was out. Did they discuss what they would do if they were going to have to do a goaround . These are standard procedures that the flight crews have to do. Were they paying attention to their jobs . Thats what the voice recorder will tell us. Peter goelz, you told us earlier this afternoon that one of the concerns in the industry has to do with pilots being so accustomed to having very advanced Avionics Electronics on these planes that they dont get the kind of experience they need to deal in an emergency situation. Can you expand on that. Yeah, its an issue really that the fliet safety foundation, one of the premiere safety organizations in the world has been starting to point out that because we have such fabulous avionics and Flight Control systems in our planes today, the pilots are not being asked or not required to really get the flying handsonflying experience that they used to. And the accident a few years ago of the air france a330 over the south atlantic really showed that the flight crew again, very experienced could not diagnose, could not overcome the confusion in the cockpit to actually fly the plane. And i think there is a concern that pilots may be losing their piloting edge with the great advances in flight avionics. Woodruff just finally, we know there were serious injuries. We heard from the surgeon that some of these passengers may not walk again. We know there were two deaths. But why do you believe there werent more casualties in this crash . Well, thats a great question, judy. And the answer is government regulations. The f. A. A. Instituted regulations mandating stronger seats, mandating that the interior of aircraft be more fire retardant and that they not emit toxic gases when ignited. These are steps that have saved lives. Its nice to see it. It was a horrendous event but 20 years ago the death toll would have been much greater. Woodruff peter goelz, thank you very much. Thank you. Ifill coming up, we examine the weekends other transportation disaster; the fiery train crash in canada; also, egypts deadly clashes; chinas cyber spying and novelist colum mccann. But first, with the other news of the day. Heres hari sreenivasan. Sreenivasan another fatal air crash was under investigation today in alaska. An air taxi went down sunday at a small airport, killing all ten people on board. The plane apparently was taking off, about 75 miles southwest of anchorage, when it crashed and exploded into flames. There was no immediate word on the cause. The man who leaked details of u. S. Government surveillance has been heard from again. A british newspaper today posted comments that Edward Snowden made before washington began efforts to capture and prosecute him. The statements are from the interview snowden gave in hong kong last month, to londons guardian newspaper. In it, he insists he was motivated only by his concern that surveillance has gone too far. I dont want to live in a world where everything that i say, everything i do, everyone i talk to, every expression of creativity or love or friendship is recorded. And thats not something im willing to support. Sreenivasan the National Security agency says it monitors only communications linked to foreign targets. Snowden claims it is far more extensive, and he accuses u. S. Officials of misleading the public. Were compounding the excesses of prior governments and making it worse and more invasive. No one is standing to stop it. Sreenivasan he also predicts the reaction to his disclosures. I think they are going to say ive committed grave crimes. You know, ive violated the espionage act. They are going to say, you know, ive aided our enemies in making them aware of these systems, but that argument can be made against anybody who reveals information that points out mass Surveillance Systems because fundamentally they apply equally to ourselves as our enemies. Sreenivasan since then, snowden has indeed been charged with espionage, and is now a fugitive, holed up in a transit area at a moscow airport. Venezuela, bolivia and nicaragua have offered him asylum. The defense opened its case today for Army Private Bradley manning, who admits giving thousands of classified documents to wikileaks. His courtmartial is now in its sixth week at fort meade, maryland. Defense lawyers began by showing a 39minute Cockpit Video from a u. S. Helicopter attack that killed 11 men in iraq, including two journalists. The governor of texas republican rick perry has announced he will not seek reelection next year. Perry has been in Office Nearly 13 years, the most in texas history. He made a failed attempt last year to win the republican president ial nomination. And today, in san antonio, he left the door open for another try. Ill also pray and reflect and work to determine my own future path. I make this announcement with a deep sense of humility and appreciation for the time and the trust the people of this state has given me. Sreenivasan perry has championed conservative causes, including gun rights and opposition to abortion. He tried last month to have the state legislature adopt strict new limits on abortion. A democratic filibuster defeated the effort, but perry called a new special session to try again. On wall street today, the Dow Jones Industrial average gained nearly 89 points to close at 15,224. The nasdaq rose five points to close near 3,485. Britain celebrated today as tennis star andy murray basked in the glory of his wimbledon victory. The 26year old scotsman is the first british winner of the mens singles title in 77 years. On sunday, he beat the number one tennis player in the world, novak djokovic, in straight sets to capture the crown. Today, murray visited 10 downing street to meet with david cameron, the Prime Minister. He and the Scottish First minister witnessed the historic win yesterday. Those are some of the days major stories. Now, back to gwen. We return again to egypt, where the country saw its deadliest day of violence since the ouster of president Mohamed Morsi last week. More than 50 people were killed in one incident in cairo. The shooting began just before dawn. Thousands of Muslim Brotherhood supporters were camped outside an Army Barracks where former president Mohammed Morsi has reportedly been held since the military ousted him last week. It was a peaceful sitin until this morning, and then gunfire erupted as people awoke for morning prayers. translated i woke up after the prayer and i heard shots, then the firing started from the president ial guard side. Ifill a wounded soldier said protesters fired the first shots. We were there to ensure the safety of the people. When we were there, they started firing at us and throwing molotov cocktails and bricks. Ifill whoever shot first, the dead, the dying and the wounded were carried from the chaos and doctors at a makeshift