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These Smithsonian Magazine Photo Contest images feature the captivating creatures that live beneath the waves

What Briefing readers think about how doctoral degrees should be evaluated. Plus, the X-factor in bird song that makes males irresistible and why like-charged particles can sometimes attract. What Briefing readers think about how doctoral degrees should be evaluated. Plus, the X-factor in bird song that makes males irresistible and why like-charged particles can sometimes attract.

Gio_banfi/Getty Images(NEW YORK) -- The millions of tourists who flock to the shores of Hawaii every year are wreaking havoc on its natural environment --

The millions of tourists who flock to the shores of Hawaii every year are wreaking havoc on its natural environment -- especially on the coral reefs.

彭春凌： 斯宾塞是英国维多利亚时代以“进化”为主题的哲学运动公认的知识领袖，被称为维多利亚时代的亚里士多德。思想史家约翰·麦克里兰说，“维多利亚时代是斯宾塞的时代”。这个说法并不夸张。因为，我们可以很明显地看到，斯宾塞糅合生物学的“进化”（evolution）理论与哲学上的“进步”（progress）观念，建构了对宇宙和社会进行贯穿性解释的“进化”哲学。“进化”的哲学观念渗透到十九世纪中期以降全球所有文明的理智结构之中。...