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"R" is for Randolph, Benjamin Franklin (ca. 1820-1868). Legislator, clergyman. Born free in Kentucky, Randolph grew up in Ohio and graduated from Oberlin

Reconstruction and Its Aftermath The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U.S. slaves wherever they were. As a result, the mass of Southern blacks now faced the difficulty Northern blacks had confronted—that of a free people surrounded by many hostile whites. One freedman, Houston Hartsfield Holloway, wrote, “For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them.” Even after the Emancipation Proclamation, ...

In “The Black Civil War Soldier: A Visual History of Conflict and Citizenship,” Deborah Willis discusses the yearning to fight, to have full citizenship, and far more.

Learn about Black Floridians who have had a huge influence on our culture and history.

How Black soldiers helped end the US Civil War Jacqueline Cutler, New York Daily News © NYU Press/TNS "The Black Civil War Soldier: A Visual History of Conflict and Citizenship" by Deborah Willis; NYU Press. “The Black Civil War Soldier: A Visual History of Conflict and Citizenship” by Deborah Willis; NYU Press (256 pages, $35) ——— It wasn’t just a war for freedom. It was a war for the future. Black soldiers during the Civil War weren’t just fighting for themselves. They were fighting for their children and all who came after. They were fighting for tomorrow. ...