illustrate how transnational alliances help facilitate learning and policy emulation between national political parties. Research on party competition usually focuses on domestic factors driving party behaviour, such as public opinion, rival parties, and economic conditions. More recently, scholars have started to look beyond the domestic level by examining how foreign factors – such as the world economy – impact on the behaviour of political parties. As part of this development, scholars now examine whether and how political parties respond to foreign parties. This effort is motivated by...