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Challenges to maritime security, especially in choke points like the Red Sea, threaten global trade and present complex, ‘compound security’ issues. These challenges include military threats to navigation that affect energy supplies, economic stability, and efforts to address climate insecurity issues, and especially through energy transition. The United States' Operation Prosperity Guardian seeks to safeguard the waters of the Red Sea and the Bab al Mandeb strait but has had limited success. Current military and diplomatic strategies are inadequate to fully protect these vital economic lifelines, hence the need for a multifaceted "3D+C" approach combining Defense, Diplomacy, Development, and Commercial strategies. ....
Artificial Neural Networks have reached ‘Grandmaster’ and even ‘super-human’ performance’ across a variety of games, from those involving perfect-information, such as Go ((Silver et al. (2016)); to those involving imperfect-information, such as ‘Starcraft’ (Vinyals et al. (2019)). Such technological developments from AI-labs have ushered concomitant applications across the world of business, where an ‘AI’ brand-tag is fast becoming ubiquitous. A corollary of such widespread commercial deployment is that when AI gets things wrong - an autonomous vehicle crashes; a chatbot exhibits ‘racist’ behaviour; automated credit-scoring processes ‘discriminate’ on gender etc. - there are often significant financial, legal and brand consequences, and the incident becomes major news. As Judea Pearl sees it, the underlying reason for such mistakes is that “. all the impressive achievements of deep learning amount to just curve fitting”. The key, Pearl suggests (Pearl and ....