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A new preprint describes the protective efficacy of memory T-cells developed in response to the viral antigen, which could offer long-term immunity.

Mutualisms involve cooperation, but also frequently involve conflict. Plant-pollinator mutualisms are no exception. To facilitate animal pollination, flowering plants often offer pollen (their male gametes) as a food reward. Since plants benefit by maximizing pollen export to conspecific flowers, we might expect plants to cheat on pollen rewards. In intersexual floral mimicry, rewarding pollen-bearing male flowers (models) are mimicked by rewardless female flowers (mimics) on the same plant. Pollinators should therefore learn to avoid the unrewarding mimics. Plants might impede such learning b...

2Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Oban, United Kingdom This study compares the noise levels at the cold-water coral Tisler reef, before and after the closure of the border between Norway and Sweden, which occurred as a direct result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Tisler reef is a marine protected area located under a ferry “highway” that connects Norway and Sweden. Cold-water coral reefs are recognised as being important hotspots of both biodiversity and biomass, they function as breeding and nursing grounds for commercially important fish and are essential in providing ecos...

By Nils Koch-Henriksen,Per Soelberg Sørensen,Melinda Magyari Jun 14, 2021 Whether relapses have direct effects on permanent disability in multiple sclerosis is still an unsettled issue. We aimed at investigating the cumulative effect of breakthrough relapses on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in relapsing-onset MS patients under disease modifying therapy (DMT). From the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry we identified all patients in Denmark with relapsing-onset MS who had started DMT and followed them from the first day of treatment. We included patients aged 18-59 with Kurtzke...