About 20,000 adult Tyrannosaurus rexes probably lived at any one time, give or take a factor of 10, a new study suggests. The number is in the ballpark of what most researchers guessed, but what’s few paleontologists had fully grasped, says Charles Marshall, is what that means: some 2.5 billion lived and died over the approximately 2 1/2 million years the dinosaur walked the Earth. Until now, no one has been able to compute population numbers for long-extinct animals, and George Gaylord Simpson, one of the most influential paleontologists of the last century, felt that it couldn’t be don...