The move towards a low-carbon future is well underway and has brought to the fore the importance of several minerals judged critical to this process. These minerals include lithium, cobalt, graphite, manganese, and others essential to producing clean energy technologies, including solar panels, wind turbines, rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles (EVs), and grid battery storage. Developing countries hold large reserves of these minerals. African countries, for example, have about 25 per cent of global reserves, including 19 per cent of those needed for EVs.