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Evolution of the spike gene of SARS-CoV-2 for human adaptation The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 111 million individuals worldwide and has resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic. Many pangolin and bat-derived viruses are closely related to SARS-CoV-2, which suggests its likely zoonotic origin. Researchers have found a 96% similarity in nucleotide sequence between bat coronavirus (RaTG13), isolated from s in China in 2013, and SARS-CoV-2 and ~97% amino acid similarity with the Spike (S) protein. This S protein performs two essential roles, i.e., mediates receptor-binding and membrane fusion. Hence, spike protein is regarded as a key coronavirus determinant of host tropism. ....