Australia has a comprehensive plant biosecurity system, with the federal government responsible for pre-border (e.g., off-shore compliance) and border (e.g. import inspections) activities, while state governments undertake a variety of post-border activities (e.g., post-border surveillance, management of pest incursions, and regulation of pests) designed to reduce exotic pest arrival and establishment. Once an exotic pest has established and spread, its management, like that of endemic species, becomes the responsibility of the land manager. There has been a growing understanding among plant i...