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A thermo-mechanical-phase transformation FEM was developed to quantitatively predict the formation process of thermally-induced white etching layer (WEL) at rail surface. A practical scenario of multiple wheel passages with two locomotives was introduced for a single train, and the evolution of martensitic WEL and the residual stress during ten train passages was reported. The results indicate that an effective heating period during wheel passage is a critical factor to influence WEL formation. For the given model parameters, the maximum volume fraction of martensite increases from 1.8% to 19....

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with permanent porosity and various crystal structures are promising materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). The developing of new materials and the understanding of their sodium storage mechanisms and behaviours is critical to realize the practical application of MOFs in battery industry. In this communication, we report a unique sodium storage behaviour that more sodium ions can be inserted into the benzene rings of ligands and bond with sp2 carbon leading to superior sodium storage performance, which is realized via a benzene rings activation mechanism ind...

Though it is one of the great mysteries of science, the transformation of water into ice often escapes people's minds as it is just assumed that’s what happens. But how and why it happens is the s ...

From coffee cups to bathroom tiles, ceramics are brittle.  Subject to the slightest deformation, they shatter. On the other end of the spectrum of materials, some of the most deformable materials ...

Metallic glasses are metastable materials characterised by special atomic arrangement and properties. They are generally harder, more corrosion resistant and stronger than ordinary metals. Their a ...