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EVEN while Britain was at war with France, Glasgow was getting on with the two great activities that would spur the city’s massive growth in the 19th century – trade and manufacturing. In November 1806, having won the Battle of Jena, Napoleon Bonaparte issued his infamous declaration of Berlin or Berlin Decree. Translated into English, it begins: From our Imperial Camp at ­Berlin, November 21, 1806. Napoleon, Emperor of the French and King of Italy, considering: 1. That England does not admit the right of nations as universally acknowledged by all civilized people. You will n...

IN this week 275 years ago, Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, had his army carry out his orders that no quarter be given to the survivors of the Battle of Culloden. Cumberland had used the excuse that Prince Charles Edward Stuart had given a “no quarter” order to his army. According to Lord Balmerino, who was executed for his leading part in the Rising, no such order was ever given. A written version supposedly made by Jacobite commander Lord George Murray was a doctored forgery, no doubt to deflect criticism, and no matter his “excuse” there is no doubt that Cumberla...

AS we saw a fortnight ago, many of Glasgow’s people were vehemently opposed to the Union of 1707 and demonstrated passionately against it.  Yet the parcel of rogues got their way and on May 1, 1707, Glaswegians and every other citizen of Scotland faced the reality of the new incarnation of the unitary state that became known as the United Kingdom. The following year, Glasgow joined with Dumbarton, Renfrew and Rutherglen to elect the city’s first Member of Parliament, representing the Clyde or Glasgow Burghs as the seat was known.  Elect is probably the wrong word as the franchise ...