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April 20, 2021 —  Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal reposted from New Left Review — Ten years ago, Erdoğan’s Turkey was hailed in Washington as an example to the Muslim world—a free-market, pro-American Islamic democracy with high growth rates, renowned cultural monuments and beautiful beaches. ‘A model partner’, Obama affirmed in 2009, as he congratulated the leader of the Justice and Development Party (AKP). 1 Today, with perhaps 50,000 oppositionists in jail, including scores of journalists, politicians, lawyers and civil servants, Turkey is exporting ra...

synopsis France, 1942, under German occupation. Philippe Gerbier, a civil engineer, is a French Resistance commandant. Denounced by a French collaborator, he is interned in a concentration camp. He manages to escape, and rejoins his network in Marseille, where he has the traitor executed. This movie reveals rigorously and austerely what life was like in the French Resistance: the solitude and fear of its members; their relationships with one another; the constant threat of arrest by the Gestapo; the Resistance command structure and the way its orders were carried out. Head writer Joseph Kesse...

>> oh, american. >> reporter: the leader of this gang, with several thousands members, a man known as the surgeon. a former dental surgeon named aleksander zaldostanov. how did this motorcycle club develop such a strong relationship with the leader of this country? "putin is special," he tells us. "he's much smarter than other government bureaucrats." the night wolves have become a wildly popular cultural phenomenon in russia. putin noticed that and now, they're funded by his regime. they even have a paramilitary wing, which putin allegedly used when he invaded ukraine. we went to their traini...

The size and scope of the operations under way might actually harm u.s. interests abroad. while exact numbers and dollar figures are hard to come by, what's difficult for the military dispute is that these elite forces operate largely in secret and their reach may be growing. nick takes us inside the world of the shadow army. his book "kill anything that moves" is also out in paperback. welcome. >> thanks for having me on. >> absolutely. let's start with where these policies come from. your article says maybe this secretive and expansive program is problematic. you spend a lot of time writing ...

President bashar assad in power. >> for iran syria is a very vital link. to cut or to topple bashar is, in a way, actually, to hit or to damage iranian interests in the region. >> reporter: sources say iran has helped create a shadow army for syria made up of foreign fighters and regime loyalists to take on the most unsavory of activities. they are helping the syrian army put down mass demonstrations, interrogating, torturing alleged protest organizers as well as on the syrian army's artillery assaults against targets like homs. complicating matters is al-qaeda's intras into the civil war. rec...