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Frontiers | The Size of it: Scant Evidence That Flower Size Variation Affects Deception in Intersexual Floral Mimicry

Mutualisms involve cooperation, but also frequently involve conflict. Plant-pollinator mutualisms are no exception. To facilitate animal pollination, flowering plants often offer pollen (their male gametes) as a food reward. Since plants benefit by maximizing pollen export to conspecific flowers, we might expect plants to cheat on pollen rewards. In intersexual floral mimicry, rewarding pollen-bearing male flowers (models) are mimicked by rewardless female flowers (mimics) on the same plant. Pollinators should therefore learn to avoid the unrewarding mimics. Plants might impede such learning by producing phenotypically variable flowers that cause bees to generalize among models and mimics during learning. In this laboratory study, we used partially artificial flowers (artificial petals, live reproductive parts) modeled after Begonia odorata to test whether variation in the size of rewarding male flowers (models) and unrewarding female flowers (mimics) affected how quickly bees learned ....

United States , Serra Do Mar , Estado Do Rio , United Kingdom , City Of , Wald Chi Square , Le Corff , Rachel Wilkins , Rr Development Core Team , Imagej National Institutes Of Health , Oxford University Press , Missouri State University , Cognitive Science Society , Oxford University , Sage Publications Inc , R Foundation For Statistical Computing , Sigma Xi Grant In Aid Of Research , Successful Batesian , Koppert Biological Systems , Plant Tone , National Institutes , Supplementary Figure , Ocean Optics , Size Variation Had Little Effect , How Bees Learned , Supplementary Material ,

Pharmacovigilance Training Course, June 21-23, 2021: Introductory Guide for Anyone Concerned with Pharmacovigilance

Pharmacovigilance Training Course, June 21-23, 2021: Introductory Guide for Anyone Concerned with Pharmacovigilance
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Panel Ae , Risk Management , Risk Management , Signal Detection , Risk Minimisation , Regulatory Framework , Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee , Safety Signals , Causality Assessment , ஆபத்து மேலாண்மை ,

Transcripts for CNN CNN Special Report 20140407 06:20:00

More signals. now they head underwater to locate possible wreckage. brian considering that no wreckage has been confirmed, it s a major achievement to have this kind of strong lead. it is, errol and we know this, because my team and i got access to the manufacturer of the pinger locater. that company is called phoenix international, it s head quartered here near washington, d.c., we got access to the facility a couple of weeks a ago, they showed us a model and showed us what it can do. it s extraordinary, this signal detection, if indeed it is the black box from mh-370, they told us without a confirmed piece of wreckage, it s difficult for the pinger to find something. what it s designed to do, once you found a piece of wreckage, ....

Wreck Ed Wreckage , Brian Todd , Pinger Locater , Errol Barnett , Phoenix International , Washington Dc , Malaysian Airlines Flight 370 , Towed Pinger Locator , Black Box , United States , Signal Detection ,