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Focusing on the components of both solar photovoltaic technology and wind energy technology and using the gravity model approach with panel data, this study empirically investigated the determinants of bilateral trade in renewable energy goods among ASEAN countries as well as with China, Japan, and South Korea for the period 2012–2019, and also identified China’s export efficiency and export potential. The results showed that the economic sizes of both the exporting and importing countries, the economic freedom of the exporter, and trade agreements and membership of common trade areas sign...

The war Russia is waging against Ukraine has already halted most of Ukraine’s production capabilities. Similarly, the sanctions raised against Russia by the international community end decades of economic cooperation across several economic sectors. This column draws on empirical evidence from over two decades of civil wars across the world to inform the debate on how